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Topic Review
Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement
The transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) is performed through the implantation of either an aortic or mitral transcatheter heart valve (THV) in the mitral position. Although not specifically designed for the mitral position, the aortic THV has been successfully employed in patients with failed bioprostheses (mitral valve-in-valve (MViV)), failed prosthetic rings and bands (mitral valve-in-ring (MViR)) and native calcified valves (valve in mitral annular calcification (ViMAC)). On the other hand, newer TMVR devices with mitral THVs have primarily been used for native noncalcified mitral valves. 
  • 392
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Potential Benefits of Herbal Medicines in Lupus Conditions
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease involving multiple organs and clinical manifestations. The Latin word lupus, meaning wolf, was in the medical literature prior to the 1200s to describe skin lesions that devour flesh, and the resources available to physicians to help people were limited. The present text reviews the ethnobotanical and pharmacological aspects of medicinal plants and purified molecules from natural sources with efficacy against lupus conditions. Among these molecules are artemisinin and its derivatives, antroquinonol, baicalin, curcumin, emodin, mangiferin, salvianolic acid A, triptolide, the total glycosides of paeony (TGP), and other supplements such as fatty acids and vitamins. In addition, medicinal plants, herbal remedies, mushrooms, and fungi that have been investigated for their effects on different lupus conditions through clinical trials, in vivo, in vitro, or in silico studies are reviewed. A special emphasis was placed on clinical trials, active phytochemicals, and their mechanisms of action. This discussion can be helpful for researchers in designing new goal-oriented studies. It can also help practitioners gain insight into recent updates on supplements that might help patients suffering from lupus conditions.
  • 367
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Pharmaceutical Importance of Broccoli
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) belongs to the Brassicaceae family and has more divided and stalked leaves. It has gained considerable attention due to its remarkable nutritional composition and numerous health benefits. The pharmaceutical importance of broccoli is widely known as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, immunomodulator, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-amnesic.
  • 301
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding Ribonucleic Acids Implicated in Plaque Instability
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent an important class of molecules that are implicated in epigenetic control of numerous cellular processes. Atherosclerotic plaque represents a dynamic environment where the interplay between various cell types, including endothelial cells, immune cells, and VSMCs, governs the plaque phenotype and its vulnerability. The specific roles of nuclear lncRNAs in regulating gene expression and cellular processes associated with plaque instability, providing a comprehensive understanding of their contributions to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
  • 187
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Unfolded Protein Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle playing a vital role in maintaining cell homeostasis, and disruptions to its functions can have detrimental effects on cells. Dysregulated ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been linked to various human diseases. For example, ER stress and the activation of the UPR signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cells can either exacerbate or alleviate the severity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), contingent on the degree and conditions of activation.
  • 286
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Management of Spike Protein-Related Pathology
In the wake of the COVID-19 crisis, a need has arisen to prevent and treat two related conditions, COVID-19 vaccine injury and long COVID-19, both of which can trace at least part of their aetiology to the spike protein, which can cause harm through several mechanisms. One significant mechanism of harm is vascular, and it is mediated by the spike protein, a common element of the COVID-19 illness, and it is related to receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. Given the significant number of people experiencing these two related conditions, it is imperative to develop treatment protocols, as well as to consider the diversity of people experiencing long COVID-19 and vaccine injury. 
  • 484
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cyclic Peptides in Pipeline
Cyclic peptides are molecules that are already used as drugs in therapies approved for various pharmacological activities, for example, as antibiotics, antifungals, anticancer, and immunosuppressants. Interest in these molecules has been growing due to the improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the cyclic structure over linear peptides and by the evolution of chemical synthesis, computational, and in vitro methods.
  • 457
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Properties and Applications of Levan
Polysaccharides play a crucial role in medicine, pharmacy, and cosmetology, as well as in the production of biofuels and biomaterials. Among microbial biopolymers, microbial levan, a fructose polysaccharide, holds significant promise due to its high productivity and chemical diversity. Levan exhibits a wide range of properties, including film-forming ability, biodegradability, non-toxicity, self-aggregation, encapsulation, controlled release capacity, water retention, immunomodulatory and prebiotic activity, antimicrobial and anticancer activity, as well as high biocompatibility. These exceptional properties position levan as an attractive candidate for nature-based materials in food production, modern cosmetology, medicine, and pharmacy. 
  • 912
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Radiation Oncology and Surgery for Brain Metastases Management
Brain metastases are of increasing concern in the management of cancer patients. New systemic treatment options like specific targeting agents or immune checkpoint inhibitors allow for longer survival with a higher incidence of brain metastases over the course of the disease. Single or a few small, asymptomatic lesions are mainly treated with focal stereotactic radiotherapy. On the other hand, in many cases, large and, in particular, symptomatic metastases require microsurgical resection for immediate symptom relief.
  • 200
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Ketogenic Diet, NAFLD, Mitochondria, and Oxidative Stress
Together with the global rise in obesity and metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of individuals who suffer from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has risen dramatically. NAFLD is currently the most common chronic liver disease and includes a continuum of liver disorders from initial fat accumulation to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), considered the more severe forms, which can evolve in, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Common features of NAFLD includes altered lipid metabolism mainly linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, which, as a vicious cycle, aggravates oxidative stress and promotes inflammation and, as a consequence, the progressive death of hepatocytes and the severe form of NAFLD. A ketogenic diet (KD), i.e., a diet very low in carbohydrates (<30 g/die) that induces “physiological ketosis”, has been demonstrated to alleviate oxidative stress and restore mitochondrial function. 
  • 294
  • 26 Jul 2023
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