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Topic Review
Beneficial effects of Glycine in the Organism
Glycine is an amino acid that our bodies can produce naturally, so we don't necessarily need to get it from our diet. Nevertheless, it plays a vital role in various functions throughout our entire body. Glycine interacts with specific receptors and transporters found in many different types of cells, which allows it to have important effects on our health. One of the most fascinating things about glycine is its potential to reduce inflammation in our body. Researchers have conducted many studies focusing on this aspect. Glycine has been shown to decrease pro-inflammatory molecules called cytokines, which are responsible for promoting inflammation. Additionally, it can lower the levels of free fatty acids, which are sometimes linked to inflammation in certain situations. Moreover, glycine seems to positively influence how our body responds to insulin, which is crucial for maintaining stable blood sugar levels. It also appears to bring about other beneficial changes in our body, although scientists are still investigating the specific details of these effects. Glycine is a remarkable amino acid that offers many health benefits, especially in terms of reducing inflammation and possibly enhancing how our bodies respond to insulin. It's fascinating because it is present throughout our entire body, and we can obtain it through our diet or nutraceuticals, affecting our health in various ways. Scientists continue to study glycine to unlock its full potential and better understand its role in supporting our well-being.
  • 755
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Approaches for Treatment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy
In dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), where the heart muscle becomes stretched and thin, heart failure (HF) occurs, and the cardiomyocytes suffer from an energetic inefficiency caused by an abnormal cardiac metabolism. Although underappreciated as a potential therapeutic target, the optimal metabolic milieu of a failing heart is still largely unknown and subject to debate. Because glucose naturally has a lower P/O ratio (the ATP yield per oxygen atom), the previous studies using this strategy to increase glucose oxidation have produced some intriguing findings. In reality, the vast majority of small-scale pilot trials using trimetazidine, ranolazine, perhexiline, and etomoxir have demonstrated enhanced left ventricular (LV) function and, in some circumstances, myocardial energetics in chronic ischemic and non-ischemic HF with a reduced ejection fraction (EF).
  • 382
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Golimumab Therapy for the Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic debilitating autoimmune condition, and when diagnosed in patients before the age of eighteen, it is considered pediatric polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is an umbrella term used to describe different inflammatory arthropathies that are diagnosed in children under the age of sixteen with symptoms lasting at least six weeks. Psoriatic arthritis differs from other arthropathies, particularly in its cutaneous involvement. The disease can be monoarticular or polyarticular, but a few distinguishing characteristics include radiographic findings of the “pencil-in-cup deformity” and scaly, white skin lesions that often bleed when scratched.
  • 319
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Spectrum of Dermatitis and Eczema
Dermatitis (eczema) is a noninfectious inflammation of the epidermis and dermis that manifests itself through an array of efflorescences, including erythema, edema, inflammatory infiltrate, papules, vesicles, scales, serous crusts and lichenification. Depending on the stage and intensity of the disease, these skin changes may emerge in various constellations simultaneously or may evolve from one another. They are typically accompanied by the subjective sensation of itch (pruritus), pain or stinging or burning sensations of various intensities. The histological picture of dermatitis/eczema includes spongiosis, acanthosis, parakeratosis or hyperkeratosis in the epidermis, in addition to lymphocytic and granulocytic infiltration of the upper dermis and epidermis. The term “dermatitis” means literally “inflammation of the skin”; however, its use in dermatology is restricted to a subgroup of non-infectious inflammatory skin diseases with similar clinical appearances, creating the spectrum of dermatitis and eczema (SoDE). Therefore, tinea (a fungal infection of the skin), psoriasis or inflammatory acne will not be referred to as “dermatitis” even though inflammation of the skin is their inherent feature. Depending on the country and dermatology school, the term “eczema” could refer to acute dermatitis (e.g., in the USA) or chronic dermatitis (e.g., in Germany). Moreover, some scholars maintain that “eczema” means dermatitis with a known cause, while “dermatitis” would suggest that there is no definite diagnosis yet. Finally, the term “eczema” is used by some scholars as a synonym of “atopic dermatitis” (AD), which should be strongly discouraged as misleading and confusing. In light of these contradictions, it seems most reasonable to consider the terms “dermatitis” and “eczema” synonyms.
  • 208
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Microorganisms in the Etiopathogenesis of Demyelinating Diseases
Multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD) are inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) with a multifactorial aetiology. Environmental factors are important for their development and microorganisms could play a determining role. They can directly damage the CNS, but their interaction with the immune system is even more important. The possible mechanisms involved include molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, bystander activation and the dual cell receptor theory. The role of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in MS has been definitely established, since being seropositive is a necessary condition for the onset of MS. EBV interacts with genetic and environmental factors, such as low levels of vitamin D and human endogenous retrovirus (HERV), another microorganism implicated in the disease. Many cases of onset or exacerbation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) have been described after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, EBV and human immunodeficiency virus; however, no definite association with a virus has been found. A possible role has been suggested for Helicobacter pylori, in particular in individuals with aquaporin 4 antibodies. The onset of MOGAD could occur after an infection, mainly in the monophasic course of the disease. 
  • 245
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Benefits of Inclusion Complexes (Cyclodextrin–Antibiotic) in Anti-Bacterial Therapy
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a family of carrier molecules used to improve the pharmacokinetic parameters of therapeutic molecules. These cyclic oligosaccharides have medical and pharmaceutical applications by being able to form inclusion complexes with molecules that are poorly soluble in water. The benefits of these complexes are directed towards improving the chemical and biological properties—i.e., solubility, bioavailability, stability, non-toxicity and shelf life of drug molecules.
  • 237
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Wearable Energy Harvesters
A rapidly expanding global population and a sizeable portion of it that is aging are the main causes of the significant increase in healthcare costs. Healthcare in terms of monitoring systems is undergoing radical changes, making it possible to gauge or monitor the health conditions of people constantly, while also removing some minor possibilities of going to the hospital. The development of automated devices that are either attached to organs or the skin, continually monitoring human activity, has been made feasible by advancements in sensor technologies, embedded systems, wireless communication technologies, nanotechnologies, and miniaturization being ultra-thin, lightweight, highly flexible, and stretchable. Wearable sensors track physiological signs together with other symptoms such as respiration, pulse, and gait pattern, etc., to spot unusual or unexpected events.
  • 287
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Bradykinin Metabolism
Bradykinin (BK) metabolism and its receptors play a central role in drug-induced angioedema (AE) without urticaria through increased vascular permeability. Many cardiovascular and diabetic drugs may cause BK-mediated AE. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and neprilysin inhibitors impair BK catabolism.
  • 251
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in Brain–Gut Axis/Gut–Brain Axis
BPC 157 therapy by rapidly activated collateral pathways counteracted the vascular and multiorgan failure concomitant to major vessel occlusion and, similar to noxious procedures, reversed initiated multicausal noxious circuit of the occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome. Severe intracranial (superior sagittal sinus) hypertension, portal and caval hypertensions, and aortal hypotension were attenuated/eliminated. Counteracted were the severe lesions in the brain, lungs, liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract. In particular, progressing thrombosis, both peripherally and centrally, and heart arrhythmias and infarction that would consistently occur were fully counteracted and/or almost annihilated.
  • 405
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Atherosclerosis, Diabetes Mellitus, and Cancer
The involvement of cardiovascular disease in cancer onset and development represents a contemporary interest in basic science. It has been recognized, from the most recent research, that metabolic syndrome-related conditions, ranging from atherosclerosis to diabetes, elicit many pathways regulating lipid metabolism and lipid signaling that are also linked to the same framework of multiple potential mechanisms for inducing cancer.
  • 409
  • 26 Jul 2023
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