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Topic Review
Exhaled Biomarkers for Point-of-Care Diagnosis
Cancers, chronic diseases and respiratory infections are major causes of mortality and present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for health care. There is an unmet medical need for non-invasive, easy-to-use biomarkers for the early diagnosis, phenotyping, predicting and monitoring of the therapeutic responses of these disorders. Exhaled breath sampling is an attractive choice that has gained attention in recent years. Exhaled nitric oxide measurement used as a predictive biomarker of the response to anti-eosinophil therapy in severe asthma has paved the way for other exhaled breath biomarkers. Advances in laser and nanosensor technologies and spectrometry together with widespread use of algorithms and artificial intelligence have facilitated research on volatile organic compounds and artificial olfaction systems to develop new exhaled biomarkers. 
  • 305
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
ROS1 for Advanced Non Small Cell Lung Cancer
ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1) rearrangements occur in 0.9–2.6% of patients with non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), conferring sensitivity to treatment with specific tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKI). Crizotinib, a first-generation TKI, was the first target-therapy approved for the first-line treatment of ROS1-positive NSCLC. Entrectinib, a multitarget inhibitor with an anti-ROS1 activity 40 times more potent than crizotinib and better activity on the central nervous system (CNS), received approval for treatment-naive patients. 
  • 185
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
CAR-T Current Challenges
CAR-Ts have started to move past the “ceiling” of third-line treatment with positive results in comparison trials with the Standard of Care (SoC). One such example is the trial Zuma-7 (NCT03391466), which resulted in approval of CAR-T products (Yescarta™) for second-line treatment, a crucial achievement for the field which can increase the use of this type of therapy.
  • 235
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Collagen-Based Nanofibers for Skin Regeneration Applications
Skin regeneration after an injury is very vital, but this process can be impeded by several factors. Regenerative medicine is a developing biomedical field with the potential to decrease the need for an organ transplant. 
  • 266
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Management of Vaginal Melanoma
Among the mucosal melanomas, vaginal melanomas are very rare tumors, accounting for less than 20% of melanomas arising from the female genital tract. They occur most frequently in women in post-menopausal age, but younger patients may also experience this neoplasm, mainly located in the lower third of the vagina or the anterior wall. The optimal management of this tumor remains controversial, with surgery reported as the most frequently adopted approach. However, a clear benefit of surgical treatment in terms of survival has not yet been demonstrated. Conversely, radiotherapy may represent an attractive non-invasive alternative, and there are several favorable reports of the role of radiation therapy, either delivered with photons, brachytherapy, or hadrontherapy. 
  • 270
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Classification of Limb–Girdle Muscular Dystrophies
Limb–girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) are caused by mutations in multiple genes. Limb–girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD) are muscular dystrophies that affect skeletal muscles, mostly proximal (hips and shoulder muscles). They are caused by a mutation in a gene encoding a protein, which is specific to each subtype. LGMD inheritance is autosomal. 
  • 345
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Melanoma Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency
The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the modus operandi of all fields of medicine, significantly impacting patients with oncological diseases and multiple comorbidities. Thus, the establishment of melanoma management during the emergency has become a major area of interest. In addition to original articles, case reports and specific guidelines for the period have been developed.
  • 164
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors
Information on absorption, metabolism and excretion of drugs is necessary to support the studies on their pharmacokinetics and potential drug–drug interactions. Moreover, the knowledge on drug metabolism is one of the crucial factors used to assess their pharmacokinetic profile in patients with some dysfunctions. It is especially important in diabetic patients with higher incidence of chronic liver and kidney problems.
  • 285
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Nutritional Advice for Patients with Xerostomia
Xerostomia and hyposalivation are highly prevalent conditions in old age, particularly among multimorbid elders, and are often attributed to the use of multiple medications. These conditions negatively affect oral functions, such as chewing, swallowing, speech, and taste. Additionally, the lack of lubrication of the oral mucosa frequently leads to super-infections with candida.
  • 338
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Endothelin System: Morphofunctional Considerations
Acute heart failure (AHF) is a life-threatening condition with high morbidity and mortality. Even though this pathology has been extensively researched, there are still challenges in establishing an accurate and early diagnosis, determining the long- and short-term prognosis and choosing a targeted therapeutic strategy. The use of reliable biomarkers to support clinical judgment has been shown to improve the management of AHF patients. Despite a large pool of interesting candidate biomarkers, endothelin-1 (ET-1) appears to be involved in multiple aspects of AHF pathogenesis that include neurohormonal activation, cardiac remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, atherosclerosis and alteration of the renal function.
  • 234
  • 27 Jul 2023
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