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Topic Review
Network Involvement in Motor Symptoms
Motor symptoms dominate the clinical expression of PD. Muscular rigidity, akinesia, bradykinesia, gait instability, and resting tremor form the core of the motor symptoms. The concept of “parkinsonism” encompasses all motor impairments. For the clinical diagnosis, parkinsonism is defined as bradykinesia accompanied by resting tremor, rigidity, or both. Dopamine (DA) loss secondary to degeneration of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) initiates parkinsonism by causing impaired modulatory function in the motor network.
  • 181
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Precision Medicine
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a complex medical disorder that can develop in several primary acute disorders, has a rapid time course, and has several classifications that can reflect either the degree of hypoxemia, the extent of radiographic involvement, or the underlying pathogenesis. The identification of subtypes of patients with ARDS would potentially make precision medicine possible in these patients. This is a very difficult challenge given the heterogeneity in the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and treatment responses in these patients. The analysis of large databases of patients with acute respiratory failure using statistical methods such as cluster analysis could identify phenotypes that have different outcomes or treatment strategies. However, clinical information available on presentation is unlikely to separate patients into groups that allow for secure treatment decisions or outcome predictions. In some patients, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation provides adequate support through episodes of acute respiratory failure, and the development of specialized units to manage patients with this support might lead to the better use of hospital resources. Patients with ARDS have capillary leak, which results in interstitial and alveolar edema. Early attention to fluid balance in these patients might improve gas exchange and alter the pathophysiology underlying the development of severe ARDS. Finally, more attention to the interaction of patients with ventilators through complex monitoring systems has the potential to identify ventilator dyssynchrony, leading to ventilator adjustments and potentially better outcomes.
  • 474
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
MHC-I Reduction and Immune Evasion
Cancer cells circumvent immune surveillance via diverse strategies. In accordance, a large number of complex studies of the immune system focusing on tumor cell recognition have revealed new insights and strategies developed, largely through major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs). MHC-I molecules are known as human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and HLA class-I molecules are composed of classical (class-Ia) and the non-classical (class-Ib) components.
  • 216
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Impact of Monoclonal Antibodies in Pediatric Cancer
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), as the name implies, are clonal antibodies that bind to the same antigen. mAbs are broadly used as diagnostic or therapeutic tools for neoplasms, autoimmune diseases, allergic conditions, and infections.  
  • 353
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Immunosensors for Autoimmune-Disease-Related Biomarkers
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are a group of various disorders that are characterized by dysregulation of the immune system. This malfunction state leads to an improper activation of immune elements that may consequently attack target molecules, cells, and tissues of the organism, resulting in inflammation and organ damage. Due to the continuously increasing number of patients with ADs, the severity of ADs’ clinical symptoms, and treatment insufficiency, novel analytical tools enabling early, reliable, and high-throughput disease diagnosis are highly desirable, since such tools may help health systems to confront the burden related to the late diagnosis of ADs and decrease premature mortality. To meet this need, during the last two decades, several immunosensors for detecting AD-related biomarkers have been developed as research prototypes. The AD immunosensors reported to date can be divided into two main categories depending on the biomarker(s) detected, i.e., either various autoantibodies or other protein biomarkers, such as specific inflammation-related cytokines. Most of AD immunosensors are electrochemical, while some optical and a few piezoelectric sensors have also been described.
  • 186
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Treatment Goals in Low-Grade Gliomas Clinical Management
The ability of neural circuits to compensate for damage to the central nervous system is called postlesional plasticity. In diffuse low-grade gliomas (LGGs), a crosstalk between the brain and the tumor activates modulations of plasticity, as well as tumor proliferation and migration, by means of paracrine and electrical intercommunications.
  • 186
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Alterations in the Intestinal Microbiota in ASD
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by varying degrees of difficulty in social interaction and communication. These deficits are often associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, indicating alterations in both intestinal microbiota composition and metabolic activities. The intestinal microbiota influences the function and development of the nervous system.
  • 188
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Sex Differences in Bone Health and Healing
Skeletal tissue displays sex differences in morphology and physiological function, which can have an impact on bone healing [25]. For example, men tend to have stronger and larger bones compared to women, which can make them more resilient to injury and less prone to fractures. Moreover, in females, the risk of developing osteoporosis sharply increases after menopause, while the occurrence of osteoporosis in men progressively rises with age, and this represents a fundamental issue.
  • 428
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Association of Inflammatory Cytokine Genes with Depression
Depressive disorders are a heterogeneous group of diseases. The etiology, precise pathophysiological mechanisms, response to treatment, and outcome of depressive disorders are still poorly understood. The cytokine hypothesis of depression proposes that pro-inflammatory cytokines acting as neuromodulators are a key factor mediating behavioral, neuroendocrine, and neurochemical changes in this disease.
  • 373
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Symptoms and Treatments of COVID-19
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a member of the Coronaviridae family, with a 29 kb single-stranded RNA genome. It employs its structural spike (S) glycoprotein to attach to the ACE-2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) receptor protein on the surface of the host cell. The S protein is composed of two subunits, S1 and S2. The S1 subunit is responsible for interaction with ACE-2, while the S2 subunit is involved in fusion with the cell. The very high affinity of protein S for ACE-2 is largely responsible for the increased infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 compared to other related viruses, such as SARS-CoV. This entry offers a general overview of the symptoms and treatments of COVID-19.
  • 356
  • 03 Aug 2023
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