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Topic Review
Oxidative Stress for Optic Nerve Diseases
Glaucoma is the most prevalent optic nerve disease worldwide. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of optic nerve diseases such as glaucoma, Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION). Imbalances between reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generation and antioxidant systems lead to reactive species overproduction, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) insufficiency, irreversible cellular injuries, and ultimately retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss.
  • 351
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Blood-Based Biomarkers in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Diagnosis
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease consistently associated with repetitive traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), which makes multiple professions, such as contact sports athletes and the military, especially susceptible to its onset. There are currently no approved biomarkers to diagnose CTE, thus it can only be confirmed through a post-mortem brain autopsy. Several imaging and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers have shown promise in the diagnosis. However, blood-based biomarkers can be more easily obtained and quantified, increasing their clinical feasibility and potential for prophylactic use. 
  • 998
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
PPAR-γ (NR1C3) in the Skin and Immune System
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by the accumulation of red, scaly plaques on the skin. PPAR-γ (NR1C3) is one of three known isotypes of PPAR receptors. Two other isotypes, namely PPAR-α (NR1C1) and -β/δ (NR1C2), are highly homologous to PPAR-γ. The activation of PPAR-γ promotes cell differentiation, reduces the proliferation rate, and modulates the immune response. In the skin, PPARs also contribute to the functioning of the skin barrier.
  • 209
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Red Blood Cell Diseases
Red cell diseases encompass a group of inherited or acquired erythrocyte disorders that affect the structure, function, or production of red blood cells (RBCs). These disorders can lead to various clinical manifestations, including anemia, hemolysis, inflammation, and impaired oxygen-carrying capacity. Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant defense mechanisms, plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of red cell diseases.
  • 248
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
PPAR Agonists in Current Clinical Trials against NASH
The number of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is increasing globally and is raising serious concerns regarding the increasing medical and economic burden incurred for their treatment. The progression of NASH to more severe conditions such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma requires liver transplantation to avoid death. Therefore, therapeutic intervention is required in the NASH stage, although no therapeutic drugs are currently available for this. Several anti-NASH candidate drugs have been developed that enable treatment via the modulation of distinct signaling cascades and include a series of drugs targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subtypes (PPARα/δ/γ) that are considered to be attractive because they can regulate both systemic lipid metabolism and inflammation. 
  • 173
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Women with Ischemic Heart Disease
Cardiac diseases are the main cause of death for both sexes worldwide. Treatment varies widely according to the sex of a patient, as there are differences in physiopathology, epidemiology, clinical presentation and management.
  • 301
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Flavonoids as Modulators of Dysregulated Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway
The Wnt pathway has been recognized for its crucial role in human development and homeostasis, but its dysregulation has also been linked to several disorders, including cancer. Wnt signaling is crucial for the development and metastasis of several kinds of cancer. Moreover, members of the Wnt pathway have been proven to be effective biomarkers and promising cancer therapeutic targets. Abnormal stimulation of the Wnt signaling pathway has been linked to the initiation and advancement of cancer in both clinical research and in vitro investigations. A reduction in cancer incidence rate and an improvement in survival may result from targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
  • 332
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Thymosin α1
Thymosin α1 (Tα1) is an immunostimulatory peptide that is commonly used as an immune enhancer in viral infectious diseases such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Tα1 can influence the functions of immune cells, such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, by interacting with various Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Generally, Tα1 can bind to TLR3/4/9 and activate downstream IRF3 and NF-κB signal pathways, thus promoting the proliferation and activation of target immune cells.Moreover, TLR2 and TLR7 are also associated with Tα1. TLR2/NF-κB, TLR2/p38MAPK, or TLR7/MyD88 signaling pathways are activated by Tα1 to promote the production of various cytokines, thereby enhancing the innate and adaptive immune responses. At present, there are many reports on the clinical application and pharmacological research of Tα1, but there is no systematic review to analyze its exact clinical efficacy in these viral infectious diseases via its modulation of immune function.
  • 259
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
GluN1 Subunit in the Cellular Nucleus
The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors function as plasma membrane ionic channels and take part in very tightly controlled cellular processes activating neurogenic and inflammatory pathways. In particular, the NR1 subunit (new terminology: GluN1) is required for many neuronal and non-neuronal cell functions, including plasticity, survival, and differentiation. Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors can effectively reduce (i) pain-related behavior, (ii) GluN1 subunit expression increases in the spinal cord, and (iii) the shift of GluN1 subunit from a cell membrane to nuclear localization. 
  • 246
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Targeting Breast Cancer
Breast cancer became the most diagnosed cancer in the world in 2020. Chemotherapy is still the leading clinical strategy in breast cancer treatment, followed by hormone therapy (mostly used in hormone receptor-positive types).
  • 247
  • 29 Aug 2023
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