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Topic Review
Intracranial Neurofeedback System on Memory Function
Neurofeedback (NF) shows promise in enhancing memory, but its application to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) still needs to be studied. Twenty trials of a tug-of-war game per session were employed for NF and designed to control neural activity bidirectionally (Up/Down condition).
  • 215
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Intravenous Iron Therapy to Treat Anemia in Oncology
Anemia is a common problem when patients present with cancer, and it can worsen during treatment. Anemia can directly impact the cognitive and physical quality of life and may impair fitness for oncological therapy. The most common cause of anemia is iron deficiency. Newer intravenous (IV) iron formulations offer a safe and rapidly effective treatment option. 
  • 268
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Decoding Neurodegeneration
Neurodegenerative disorders often acquire due to genetic predispositions and genomic alterations after exposure to multiple risk factors. The most commonly found pathologies are variations of dementia, such as frontotemporal dementia and Lewy body dementia, as well as rare subtypes of cerebral and cerebellar atrophy-based syndromes. In an emerging era of biomedical advances, molecular–cellular studies offer an essential avenue for a thorough recognition of the underlying mechanisms and their possible implications in the patient’s symptomatology. 
  • 299
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Proteome of Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) accounts for the highest incidence of tumor-related mortality among women worldwide, justifying the growing search for molecular tools for the early diagnosis and follow-up of BC patients under treatment. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanocompartments produced by all human cells, including tumor cells. 
  • 172
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Cytoskeleton during Late Steps of HIV-1 Life Cycle
HIV-1 has evolved a plethora of strategies to overcome the cytoskeletal barrier (i.e., actin and intermediate filaments (AFs and IFs) and microtubules (MTs)) to achieve the viral cycle. HIV-1 modifies cytoskeletal organization and dynamics by acting on associated adaptors and molecular motors to productively fuse, enter, and infect cells and then traffic to the cell surface, where virions assemble and are released to spread infection. The HIV-1 envelope (Env) initiates the cycle by binding to and signaling through its main cell surface receptors (CD4/CCR5/CXCR4) to shape the cytoskeleton for fusion pore formation, which permits viral core entry. Then, the HIV-1 capsid is transported to the nucleus associated with cytoskeleton tracks under the control of specific adaptors/molecular motors, as well as HIV-1 accessory proteins. Furthermore, HIV-1 drives the late stages of the viral cycle by regulating cytoskeleton dynamics to assure viral Pr55Gag expression and transport to the cell surface, where it assembles and buds to mature infectious virions. 
  • 522
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Role of circHIPK3 in Human Cancers
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs with closed-loop of single-stranded RNA structure. Although most of the circRNAs do not directly encode proteins, emerging evidence suggests that circRNAs play a pivotal and complex role in multiple biological processes by regulating gene expression. Accumulating studies have substantiated that the dysregulation of circular homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 3 (circHIPK3) contributes to multiple processes in the carcinogenesis and progression of various human cancers. Not only does this molecule play a pivotal role in the proliferation, migration, invasion, and drug resistance of tumor cells, but also it has the potential to act as a biomarker in early diagnosis and prognosis, considering that in most cases, circHIPK3 is a tumor promoter by sponging miRNAs.
  • 224
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Molecular and Clinical Aspects of Anti-VEGF Drugs
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major angiogenic molecule that induces choroid neovascularization (CNV). VEGF has five ligand member in human: VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD, and placenta growth factor, and there are three receptors: VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and VEGFR3. VEGFs play an important role in vascular development and choroid maintenance in the normal eye. The basolateral secretion of VEGF from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) continues throughout life and mediates RPE survival. However, the increase in VEGF secretion from RPE and the loss of RPE polarity are causes of the pathologic CNV condition. Since the off- label bevacizumab started to be used to treat CNV, neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), there are several anti-VEGF agents approved: pegaptanib, ranibizumab, aflibercept, conbercept, brolucizumab, faricimab.
  • 367
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Skin Cancers
Skin cancer is a condition characterized by the abnormal growth of skin cells, primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Different types of skin cancer include melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.
  • 354
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Maternal Oxygen Administration during Labor
Oxygen administration to the mother aims to increase fetal oxygen diffusion across the placenta. This therapy is commonly performed during labor, especially in  case of a non-reassuring fetal heart rate. However, benefits and potential risks are controversial, especially in case of a normoxemic pregnant patient. In fact, its impact on placental gas exchange and the fetal acid–base equilibrium is not fully understood; it probably affects the sensible placental oxygen equilibrium and causes a time-dependent vasoconstriction of umbilical and placental vessels. The subsequent hyperoxia might also cause the generation of radical oxygen species, raising concerns for the developing fetal cells. Moreover, this practice affects the maternal cardiovascular system: it can cause alterations of the cardiac index, heart rate and vascular resistance, and unclear effects on uterine blood flow. In conclusion, there is no evidence that maternal oxygen administration can provide any benefit in the case of a non-reassuring fetal heart rate pattern, while it bears possible collateral effects. Oxygen administration during labor should be reserved for cases of maternal hypoxia. 
  • 205
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
cfDNA and ctDNA as Oncologic Markers
The detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in liquid biopsy samples as an oncological marker is being used in clinical trials at every step of clinical management. As ctDNA-based liquid biopsy kits are developed and used in clinics, companies work towards increased convenience, accuracy, and cost over solid biopsies and other oncological markers. The technology used to differentiate ctDNA and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) continues to improve with new tests and methodologies being able to detect down to mutant allele frequencies of 0.001% or 1/100,000 copies. 
  • 185
  • 04 Sep 2023
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