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Topic Review
Exercise Effects on Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients
Left ventricular (LV) remodeling is a dynamic process, which is characterized by changes in ventricular size, shape, and wall thickness, thus altering myocardial geometry and function, and is considered as a negative prognostic factor in patients with heart failure (HF). Hypertension, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and obesity are strongly correlated with the development and the progression of LV remodeling, LV hypertrophy, and LV systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction. Indeed, the beneficial impact of exercise training on primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been well-established. Exercise training enhances functional capacity, muscle strength and endurance, cardiac function, and cardiac-related biomarkers among patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD) or HF, thus substantially improving their cardiovascular prognosis, survival rates, and need for rehospitalization. 
  • 264
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), also called neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), are relatively uncommon, heterogenous tumors primarily originating in the gastrointestinal tract. With the improvement in technology and increasing use of cross-sectional imaging and endoscopy, they are being discovered with increasing frequency. Advanced gastrointestinal endoscopic technique scan play a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of this rare condition.
  • 241
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Relationship between Gut Microbiota and CKD and ESKD
A microbiota describes all microorganisms that colonize the epidermis, respiratory tract, genital system, and especially the gastrointestinal tract. In a healthy state, gut microbiota (GM) plays several critical roles in our bodies, such as helping to metabolize nutrients, preserving the structural soundness of the gut’s mucosal barrier, moderating immune responses, and providing defense against harmful pathogens. The gut microbiota (GM) plays a vital role in human health, with increasing evidence linking its imbalance to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). 
  • 180
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Redox Regulation of Nrf2 in Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Injury
Cisplatin, a potent chemotherapeutic agent, is marred by severe nephrotoxicity that is governed by mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis pathways. The transcription factor Nrf2, pivotal in cellular defense against oxidative stress and inflammation, is the master regulator of the antioxidant response, upregulating antioxidants and cytoprotective genes under oxidative stress.
  • 204
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
CEUS-Detected Spleen Abnormalities in Dogs and Cats
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a noninvasive imaging technique that utilizes contrast agents consisting of microbubbles/nanobubbles of gas to enhance ultrasound imaging, allowing for assessment of the size, shape, texture, and vascularity of several organs. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is an emerging technology in veterinary medicine involving the administration of intravenous contrast agents, and it is increasingly recognized for its high potential as a diagnostic imaging tool for small animals. 
  • 183
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Gabapentin-Associated Movement Disorders
Gabapentin (GBP) is U.S. FDA-approved for the adjunctive treatment of focal seizures and the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. GBP also exhibits analgesic properties, often used as the first line in managing neuropathic pain. GBP-induced movement disorders are under-recognized adverse drug reactions. They are commonly not discussed with patients, and their sudden occurrence can lead to misdiagnosis of a “seizure-like” condition. Also, first-contact physicians might treat them as seizures or psychiatric comorbidities, leading to unnecessary tests and aggressive management.
  • 520
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Methylxanthines and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Methylxanthines (MTX) are purine derived xanthine derivatives. Methylxanthines are also known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, mediate changes in lipid homeostasis and have neuroprotective effects.
  • 445
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Place of Splenectomy in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare, very heterogeneous, and sometimes life-threatening acquired hematologic disease characterized by increased red blood cell (RBC) destruction by autoantibodies (autoAbs), either with or without complement involvement.  AIHA can be primary (idiopathic) but is more often secondary, triggered by infections or drug use or as a part of other diseases. As the location of origin of autoAbs and the location of autoAb-mediated RBC clearance, as well as the location of extramedullary hematopoiesis, the spleen is crucially involved in all the steps of AIHA pathobiology. Splenectomy, which was the established second-line therapeutic option in corticosteroid-resistant AIHA patients for decades, has become less common due to increasing knowledge of immunopathogenesis and the introduction of targeted therapy. 
  • 435
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Dystrophinopathy Diagnosis and Therapy
Dystrophinopathies are x-linked muscular disorders that emerge from mutations in the Dystrophin gene, including Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, and dilated cardiomyopathy. However, Duchenne muscular dystrophy interconnects with bone loss and osteoporosis, which are exacerbated by glucocorticoid therapy. Appropriate choice of steroids and regimen is crucial. Creatine kinase (CK) has a 71% potential of detecting female carriers that are increased by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) or dystrophin study in biopsy. Clinical neurologists need to relate to patients and families of patients with neurocognitive problems since mental retardation might be part of Duchenne's picture.
  • 321
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Epidemiology-Clinical Presentation of Occult Primary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare tumors that originate in diffuse neuroendocrine cells, potentially affecting any organ. NENs encompass a large and heterogenous group of neoplasms characterized by different biological behavior, depending on the clinical and histopathological features and primary site. NENs are classified into well-differentiated G1–G3 NENs and poorly differentiated G3 neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), based on their morphological features and proliferation rate. Approximately 11% to 14% of subjects with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) have metastatic lesions with unknown primary origin (UPO), with the majority of UPO-NENs found in the small bowel
  • 194
  • 11 Sep 2023
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