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Topic Review
Immunotherapy in Melanoma In Situ
The immune system has been long recognised as a key element involved in the pathogenesis, progression, and persistence of skin cancer. Immunotherapy, which includes various strategies to stimulate and activate the tumour immune response, currently represents a promising option for skin cancer management, including the treatment of situ melanoma (MIS). Local immunotherapy is an exciting therapeutic approach that may achieve complete responses without inducing systemic toxicity. It can be used in monotherapy or in combination with other therapies and can be withdrawn and reintroduced as needed without a loss of efficacy. The most widely used immunotherapy in MIS, especially the LM-subtype, is imiquimod and, to a lesser extent, intralesional interferon-α (IL-INF-α) and ingenol mebutate (IM).
  • 291
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Bubble-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Practice
The administration of microbubbles and nanobubbles (MNBs) has the possibility to provide therapeutic and diagnostic information without the same ramifications. Microbubbles (MBs), for instance, have been used for ultrasound (US) imaging due to their ability to remain in vessels when exposed to ultrasonic waves. On the other hand, nanobubbles (NBs) can be used for further therapeutic benefits, including chronic treatments for osteoporosis and cancer, gene delivery, and treatment for acute conditions, such as brain infections and urinary tract infections (UTIs).
  • 262
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
One-Carbon Metabolism in Healthy Brain Aging
One-carbon (1C) metabolism is a key metabolic network that integrates nutritional signals with several processes in the human body. Dietary supplementation of 1C components, such as folic acid, vitamin B12, and choline are reported to have beneficial effects on normal and diseased brain function.
  • 384
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes
Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes are defined and characterized by an inappropriate immune response targeting native nervous system antigens that are ectopically expressed by a systemic tumor. The first reported case of a possible paraneoplastic neurologic disorder was documented in 1888 by Hermann Oppenheim, a young neurologist working at the Charité Hospital in Berlin.
  • 213
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Systemic Manifestations of Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is a systemic disorder that may present with various symptoms and signs. The manifestation of preeclampsia is widely perceived to be centered around hypertension and proteinuria, but clinical presentations could be variable in essence. 
  • 315
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Preeclampsia Pathophysiology
Preeclampsia has been termed a “disease of theories” by some as numerous studies have aimed to propose different concepts to explore its complex etiology and pathophysiology. 
  • 459
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Physiological Function of Alpha-Synuclein
Synucleinopathy underlies a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and pure autonomic failure (PAF). A common feature of these syndromes is alpha-synuclein (aS) aggregation and cellular inclusions.  In synucleinopathies, the formation of the distinct αS species is determined by the nature of the self-assembly processes, which is influenced by many factors including the SNCA mutation or multiplication, epigenetic regulation, post-translational modification, micro-environments, etc.  Both the oligomeric and fibrillar forms of αS are toxic to cells.  The detrimental effects of αS continue to grow as αS fibrils start to form LBs, which can cause mitochondrial disassembly, mitophagy, mitochondrial depolarization, and synaptic dysfunction that result in progressive neurodegeneration.  
  • 729
  • 16 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Lewy Body Dementias
Lewy body dementias (LBDs) consist of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD), which are clinically similar syndromes that share neuropathological findings with widespread cortical Lewy body deposition, often with a variable degree of concomitant Alzheimer pathology. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the neuropathological and clinical features, current diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, and management of LBD. Literature research was performed using the PubMed database, and the most pertinent articles were read and are discussed in this paper. The diagnostic criteria for DLB have recently been updated, with the addition of indicative and supportive biomarker information. The time interval of dementia onset relative to parkinsonism remains the major distinction between DLB and PDD, underpinning controversy about whether they are the same illness in a different spectrum of the disease or two separate neurodegenerative disorders. The treatment for LBD is only symptomatic, but the expected progression and prognosis differ between the two entities. Diagnosis in prodromal stages should be of the utmost importance, because implementing early treatment might change the course of the illness if disease-modifying therapies are developed in the future. Thus, the identification of novel biomarkers constitutes an area of active research, with a special focus on α-synuclein markers. 
  • 724
  • 16 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Micro-Fragmented Adipose Tissue for Targeted Drug Delivery
Major limitations in the effective treatment of neurological cancer include systemic cytotoxicity of chemotherapy, inaccessibility, and inoperability. The capability to successfully target a drug to the tumor site(s) without incurring serious side effects—especially in the case of aggressive tumors, such as glioblastoma and neuroblastoma—would represent a significant breakthrough in therapy. Orthotopic systems, capable of storing and releasing proteins over a prolonged period at the site of a tumor, that utilize nanoparticles, liposomes, and hydrogels have been proposed. One candidate for drug delivery is Micro-Fragmented Adipose Tissue (MFAT). Easily obtained from the patient by abdominal subcutaneous liposuction (autologous), and with a high content of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), mechanically derived nanofat is a natural tissue graft with a structural scaffold organization. It has a well-preserved stromal vascular fraction and a prolonged capacity to secrete anti-tumorigenic concentrations of pre-absorbed chemotherapeutics within extracellular vesicles. 
  • 394
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Phytochemicals in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Therapy
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a very aggressive subtype of breast cancer that lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptor expression. TNBC is thought to be produced by Wnt, Notch, TGF-beta, and VEGF pathway activation, which leads to cell invasion and metastasis. To address this, the use of phytochemicals as a therapeutic option for TNBC has been researched. Plants contain natural compounds known as phytochemicals. Curcumin, resveratrol, and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) are phytochemicals that have been found to inhibit the pathways that cause TNBC, but their limited bioavailability and lack of clinical evidence for their use as single therapies pose challenges to the use of these phytochemical therapies. 
  • 450
  • 15 Sep 2023
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