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Topic Review
PARP Inhibitors in Epithelial Ovarian Cancers
Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecologic malignancy and the most common cause of gynecologic cancer death in the United States. The treatment and prognosis of ovarian cancer depend on the specific tumor histopathologic type. Among all types of ovarian cancers, epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC)s comprise the majority (about 95%); the remainders are malignant germ cell and sex cord-stromal cell tumors. The subtypes of EOCs include high-grade serous, low-grade serous, endometrioid, clear cell, and mucinous ovarian cancers, in which serous cancer is the most common subtype (75%). The majority of patients with advanced-stage ovarian cancers experience relapse and require additional treatment after initial therapy, including an optimal cytoreductive debulking surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy.
  • 208
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
PARP Inhibitor in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecologic cancers and has the highest mortality rate of any other cancer of the female reproductive system. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for approximately 90% of all ovarian malignancies. The standard therapeutic strategy includes cytoreductive surgery accompanied by pre- or postoperative platinum-based chemotherapy. Nevertheless, up to 80% of the patients relapse within the following 12–18 months from the completion of the treatment and then receive first-line chemotherapy depending on platinum sensitivity. Mutations in BRCA1/2 genes are the most significant molecular aberrations in EOC and serve as prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors exploit defects in the DNA repair pathway through synthetic lethality.
  • 185
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Design Principles of Retinal Prothese
MEA-based electrical stimulation activates retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), producing phosphene-based artificial vision. However, the lack of spatial selectivity in MEA stimulation leads to coarse and unreliable phosphenes. To improve selectivity, return electrodes and stimulation parameter manipulation are proposed. Patient experiences with retinal prostheses differ, resembling a "light show" rather than natural vision. The shape and strength of the electric field impact visual perception, and lateral spreading reduces selectivity. Epiretinal devices face bundle activation challenges, while subretinal prostheses exhibit variable phosphene shapes. Enhancing spatial resolution requires reliable isolated points of light. Return electrodes and stimulation parameter control are employed to achieve selectivity. Bidirectional/closed-loop systems record cell responses and optimize stimulation, while computational models aid optimization and understanding of retinal activity. These advancements aim to enhance retinal prostheses, providing a more natural and reliable visual experience.
  • 209
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Alternative Emerging Therapies to Retinal Prostheses
Retinal prostheses show promise in restoring vision, but ongoing clinical trials and high costs limit their adoption. To explore alternatives for treating retinal diseases, we present an overview of cell-based and gene-based therapies. This entry aims to determine if retinal prostheses are losing favor as a therapeutic option. Cell-based therapies, particularly using pluripotent stem cells like induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), hold promise for treating retinal diseases. iPSC-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells show potential in delaying disease progression and restoring vision loss when the RPE layer is damaged. Additionally, bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) release beneficial factors and have the ability to migrate towards lesion sites, although full differentiation into photoreceptors is not confirmed. Gene therapy also shows promise for treating retinal diseases caused by genetic mutations. Different approaches are used depending on the type of mutation (recessive or dominant). For example. viral vectors like AAV are commonly employed due to their efficient targeting and low immunogenicity. Optogenetics is a novel approach for treating inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) by introducing photosensitive proteins (opsins) to the degenerated retina. Opsins restore function and photosensitivity to remaining retinal cells. Clinical trials are underway, but more research is needed to understand opsin properties.
  • 228
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Recent Advancements in Retinal Prosthesis Technology
Significant progress has been made in retinal prostheses, including material science, visual field size, and integration of artificial intelligence. These advancements reflect innovation and provide insights into the future of retinal prostheses. Retinal prostheses utilize inorganic and organic electrodes. Smaller electrodes optimize electrical signaling, but current electrodes have physical limitations. Common metals used are iridium, gold, titanium, tin, and platinum due to their inertness, electrical properties, and biocompatibility. Recent advancements aim to improve the visual field of retinal prostheses. One such example, POLYRETINA, a foldable and photovoltaic epiretinal prosthetic, addresses the limited visual field in current technology since existing prosthetics have insufficient visual angle size (VAS) for mobility and object identification tasks. Additionally, a recent study developed a wireless photovoltaic retinal implant (PRIMA) to improve central vision in atrophic age-related macular degeneration patients without affecting peripheral vision. Retinal prostheses face challenges in effectiveness, surgical complexity, patient eligibility, long-term durability, and cost/accessibility, which is why advancements in technology, surgical techniques, and understanding of retinal physiology are needed.
  • 320
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Engineering of Retinal Prostheses
Retinal prostheses depend on specific outcomes and engineering constraints. These include effective electrical stimulation by direct contact with the retina, achieving high-resolution images through miniaturization, selective targeting of retinal cells, and customization with bidirectional functionality. Clinical results of retinal prostheses have shown limited visual resolution, posing challenges for object recognition and visual acuity. The pixel size of microelectrodes in prostheses limits acuity, indicating smaller pixels may improve resolution. Physiologically, smaller, densely packed electrodes are desired to stimulate individual retinal neurons. However, miniaturization increases charge density, necessitating material innovations to maintain safe stimulation. Considerations of biocompatibility and manufacturability are crucial. Retinal prostheses' success hinges on meeting key outcomes: effective stimulation, high-resolution images, selective targeting, and customization. These design considerations shape their manufacturing and market adoption, explored here for a comprehensive understanding.
  • 179
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Retinal Prothesis
Retinal prosthetics show promise in restoring vision for individuals with retinal diseases. Technological advancements have led to various implant designs, expanding possibilities for enhancing visual acuity. A research explores pre-clinical and clinical studies, engineering aspects, safety, adverse events, and rehabilitation programs. The debate over alternative therapies is addressed, comparing retinal prostheses to cell-based and gene-based therapies and optogenetics. Advancements in wireless technology and artificial intelligence are discussed. The retinal structure and function are outlined, emphasizing the importance of different retinal layers. Retinal physiology poses challenges for prosthetic devices, requiring selective stimulation for optimal outcomes. Visual prosthetics aim to restore vision by replicating retinal ganglion cells' electrical signals. Two mechanisms are used: (1) external camera systems process images to deliver electrical impulses via an implanted microelectrode array, as seen in the ARGUS II prosthetic, and (2) photodiode arrays directly convert light energy to electrical signals.
  • 234
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome after Pazopanib
The term posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) refers to an acute syndrome characterised by a range of neurological symptoms and posterior transient changes on neuroimaging. Common clinical presentation includes headache, confusion, visual disturbances, seizures, and focal neurological deficit. With the advancement and increasing availability of neuroimaging, this syndrome is increasingly recognised. There are several underlying causes for PRES, including certain medications. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as pazopanib can increase the risk of developing PRES by markedly elevating the blood pressure due to its effect of inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs). 
  • 164
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Disease Burden of Atopic Dermatitis in China
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is now a global health problem and has been attracting extensive attention from both academic and public society in China. The prevalence of AD has been increasing rapidly in China, partially due to the increased recognition of the disease; there are still substantial amounts of over-diagnosed eczema and under-diagnosed AD. Chinese dermatologists see many AD patients with atypical manifestation, which poses a challenge to the diagnosis. The Chinese diagnostic criteria for adults and pediatric patients with AD have been proposed respectively and validated with high sensitivity and specificity. International and Chinese guidelines for management of AD have been popularized
  • 393
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression Secondary to Lung Cancer
Metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) is characterised by the compression of the spinal cord due to direct or metastatic spread to the vertebrae, potentially leading to neurological deficits. This condition constitutes an urgent situation in oncology, demanding swift diagnosis and immediate intervention due to the considerable risk of spinal cord damage and irreversible neurological repercussions. Spinal tumours resulting from the metastasis of lung cancer are particularly connected with an unfavourable prognosis, often displaying rapid advancement and limited survival. Treatment approaches encompass a combination of radiotherapy and potential surgery, which are tailored to each patient’s situation. Identifying such prognostic factors associated with shorter or longer survival subsequent to MSCC could contribute to tailoring distinct, more or less intensive therapeutic strategies for these individuals.
  • 251
  • 18 Sep 2023
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