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Topic Review
Infection of Childhood Mortality in Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a complex genetic disorder associated with multiple clinical manifestations, including increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections. 
  • 145
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Maternal Obesity: Shaping Future Generations' Well-Being
Maternal obesity (MO) results in short- and long-term adverse outcomes for the offspring, including an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. Maternal obesity can have profound implications for metabolic regulation during pregnancy due to changes in glucose metabolism to support fetal growth.
  • 867
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pathological Protein Aggregation Involved in ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective loss of lower and upper motor neurons (MNs) in the brain and spinal cord, resulting in paralysis and eventually death due to respiratory insufficiency. Pathological protein aggregates are also a feature of ALS, and occur in the form of ubiquitinated inclusions in neurons and glia.
  • 402
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Diabetic Kidney Disease: Goals for Management, Prevention, and Awareness
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), which is diagnosed on the basis of reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), increased albuminuria, or both, is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. Future projections anticipate a significant increase in diabetes cases, with close to 700 million diabetes patients internationally by the year 2045. Amidst ongoing research into novel biomarkers and therapeutic agents for DKD, the current clinical preventative strategy for DKD involves (1) intensive glycemic control, (2) treatment of associated co-morbidities (hypertension and hyperlipidemia), and (3) instruction on lifestyle modifications, including smoking cessation, exercise, and dietary habits. In addition to these three categories, patient education on renal injury, a fourth category, is equally important and necessary in the collaborative effort to reduce global rates of DKD. In this entry, authors highlight and discuss these four core categories for DKD prevention.
  • 476
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Multimodal MRI in Autism Spectrum Disorders Early Diagnosis
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in children. Early diagnosis and intervention can remodel the neural structure of the brain and improve quality of life but may be inaccurate if based solely on clinical symptoms and assessment scales. Functional MRI revealed disruption of functional networks, abnormal perfusion, and neurovascular decoupling associated with core ASD symptoms. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed abnormal changes in the neuronal metabolites during different periods. Decreased diffusion tensor imaging signals along the perivascular space index reflected impaired glymphatic system function in children with ASD. Differences in age, subtype, degree of brain damage, and remodeling in children with ASD led to heterogeneity in research results.
  • 454
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Optical Biosensors for COVID-19 and Other Viruses Diagnosis
The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a huge concern globally because of the astounding increase in mortality rates worldwide. The medical imaging computed tomography technique, whole-genome sequencing, and electron microscopy are the methods generally used for the screening and identification of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
  • 218
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Melanocortin System in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
The melanocortin system is a complex set of molecular mediators and receptors involved in many physiological and homeostatic processes. These include the regulation of melanogenesis, steroidogenesis, neuromodulation and the modulation of inflammatory processes. In the latter context, the system has assumed importance in conditions of chronic digestive inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), in which numerous experiences have been accumulated in mouse models of colitis.
  • 454
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Biomedical Applications of the Biopolymer Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a biodegradable and biocompatible biopolymer that has gained popularity in the field of biomedicine. PHBV has shown to be a versatile platform for drug delivery, offering controlled release, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, and reduced side effects. The encapsulation of various drugs, such as anticancer agents, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory drugs, in PHBV nanoparticles or microspheres has been extensively investigated, demonstrating enhanced drug stability, prolonged release kinetics, and increased bioavailability. Additionally, PHBV has been used as a scaffold material for tissue engineering applications, such as bone, cartilage, and skin regeneration. The incorporation of PHBV into scaffolds has been shown to improve mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and cellular interactions, making them suitable for tissue engineering constructs. 
  • 248
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Considerations for Retinal Prostheses
A retinal prosthesis, also known as a bionic eye or artificial retina, is a medical device designed to restore vision in individuals with severe vision loss or blindness caused by conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa or age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It works by bypassing the damaged photoreceptor cells and directly stimulating the remaining healthy retinal cells or the optic nerve. In recent years, numerous types of devices such as epiretinal, subretinal, and suprachoroidal ones have been developed, but the Argus II is the only FDA-approved retinal prosthesis in North America for now. Although retinal protheses show great potential, ongoing research and advancements in this field are nonetheless necessary to refine the technology and expand its applications in the future.
  • 227
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hemp as a Functional Food in Vegetarian Nutrition
Many countries discriminate between recreational use (marijuana) and industrial and food use (hemp). The stalks of industrial hemp (low in psychotropic substances) have been used extensively for textile purposes while the seeds are nutritionally versatile. From hemp seeds, it is possible to obtain flours applicable in the bakery sector, oils rich in essential fatty acids, proteins with a high biological value and derivatives for fortification, supplementation and nutraceutical purposes. Hemp seed properties seem relevant for vegetarian diets, due to their high nutritional value and underestimated employment in the food sector. Hemp seed and their derivatives are a valuable source of protein, essential fatty acids and minerals that could provide additional benefit to vegetarian nutrition.
  • 314
  • 28 Sep 2023
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