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Topic Review
Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated with NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has gained attention due to its increasing prevalence worldwide becoming a global epidemic. The increasing incidence of NAFLD and the concurrent increase in the number of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases at a global level is a matter of concern. HCC has several risk factors, of which NAFLD and its associated metabolic disturbances—type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and dyslipidemia—are of great interest due to their accelerating rise in incidence worldwide. There is a high amount of data derived from basic and clinical studies that reveal the molecular pathways that drive NAFLD-associated HCC. Based on these findings, new prevention, surveillance, and treatment strategies are emerging. 
  • 226
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Reentry Arrhythmia in Cardiac Tissue Models
Cardiac arrhythmias are a major cause of cardiovascular mortality worldwide. Many arrhythmias are caused by reentry, a phenomenon where excitation waves circulate in the heart. Optical mapping techniques have revealed the role of reentry in arrhythmia initiation and fibrillation transition, but the underlying biophysical mechanisms are still difficult to investigate in intact hearts.
  • 415
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Metabolomics Analysis in Hearing Impairment
With more than 466 million people affected, hearing loss represents the most common sensory pathology worldwide. In this context, metabolomics emerges as a promising approach. Indeed, lying downstream from molecular biology’s central dogma, the metabolome reflects both genetic traits and environmental influences. Furthermore, its dynamic nature facilitates well-defined changes during disease states, making metabolomic analysis a unique lens into the mechanisms underpinning various hearing impairment forms.
  • 153
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Functionalization of Cyclodextrins
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides bearing several glucopyranose residues connected by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Natural cyclodextrins contain six, seven, or eight glucopyranose units (α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin, respectively) and are natural products, biodegradable, and generally lacking in toxicity. Cyclodextrins have toroidal shapes, with the smaller opening of the toroid (primary rim) corresponding to the C6-OH primary hydroxyls and the larger opening (secondary rim) to the C2-OH and C3-OH secondary hydroxyls. 
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Medical Challenges of HIV and Ageing Population
The continuing increase in patient numbers and improvement in healthcare provisions of HIV services in the UK, alongside the effectiveness of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), has resulted in increasing numbers of the ageing population among people living with HIV (PLWH). It is expected that geriatricians will need to deal with many older people living with HIV (OPLWH) as life expectancy increases. Therefore, geriatric syndromes in OPLWH will be similar to the normal population, such as falls, cognitive decline, frailty, dementia, hypertension, diabetes and polypharmacy. The increase in the long-term use of cART, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and hypertension may lead to high prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The treatment of such conditions may lead to polypharmacy and may increase the risk of cART drug–drug interactions. In addition, the risk of developing infection and cancer is high. OPLWH may develop an early onset of low bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporosis and fractures. 
  • 124
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Adoptive Cellular Therapies in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancers are typically poorly immunogenic and have demonstrated disappointing responses to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) offers an alternative method of harnessing the immune system that has shown promise, especially with the success of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy in haematologic malignancies. ACT has led to modest results in the treatment of solid organ malignancies. 
  • 191
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Vaccination Hesitancy
Vaccines are an important tool of preventive medicine. Although organized vaccination programs have saved large populations from serious infectious diseases, there is a considerable part of the population who oppose vaccinations. In particular, anti-vaccination perceptions, among travelers to countries with endemic diseases, are a major public health concern.
  • 227
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Neoadjuvant Therapy for Oesophageal and Gastro-oesophageal Junction Adenocarcinomas
Historically, oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinomas were associated with a poor prognosis. The advent of neoadjuvant therapy has transformed the management of oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinomas further and offers the possibility to reverse disease progression, eliminate micrometastasis, and offer potentially better outcomes for these patients.
  • 113
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
JAK Inhibitors’ Pleiotropic Potential in Pain's Immune Interactions
The exploration of pain within the contexts of rheumatic diseases, immune interactions, and the JAK/STAT signaling pathway reveals the intricate and dynamic interplay between immune responses and neural processes that shape pain perception and modulation. From the complex nature of pain experiences in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis to the bidirectional communication between immune cells and neurons, a comprehensive understanding of these interactions is crucial for developing effective pain management strategies.
  • 266
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
External Beam Radiotherapy for Cervical Cancer
The standard of care for locally advanced cervical cancer is external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with simultaneous chemotherapy followed by an internal radiation boost. New imaging methods such as positron-emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have been implemented into daily practice for better tumor delineation in radiotherapy planning. The method of delivering radiation has changed with technical advances in qualitative imaging and treatment delivery. Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) plays an important role in minimizing treatment toxicity of pelvic radiation and provides a superior conformality for sparing the organs at risk (OARs) such as bone marrow, bowel, rectum, and bladder. 
  • 320
  • 17 Oct 2023
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