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Topic Review
Cancer Vaccine Therapeutics
There has been a surge of interest in tumor microenvironment-associated cancer vaccine therapies. These innovative treatments aim to activate and enhance the body’s natural immune response against cancer cells by utilizing specific antigens present in the tumor microenvironment.
  • 194
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Automated Blood Vessel Detection in Cancer
The analysis of the microvasculature and the assessment of angiogenesis have significant prognostic value in various diseases, including cancer. The search for invasion into the blood and lymphatic vessels and the assessment of angiogenesis are important aspects of oncological diagnosis. These features determine the prognosis and aggressiveness of the tumor. Traditional manual evaluation methods are time consuming and subject to inter-observer variability. Blood vessel detection is a perfect task for artificial intelligence, which is capable of rapid analyzing thousands of tissue structures in whole slide images.
  • 151
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nerve Growth Factor and Autoimmune Diseases
Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a crucial immunomodulatory role and increased levels are found in numerous tissues during autoimmune states. NGF directly modulates innate and adaptive immune responses of B and T cells and causes the release of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters controlling the immune system activation in inflamed tissues. Evidence suggests that NGF is involved in the pathogenesis of numerous immune diseases including autoimmune thyroiditis, chronic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, mastocytosis, and chronic granulomatous disease. Furthermore, as NGF levels have been linked to disease severity, it could be considered an optimal early biomarker to identify therapeutic approach efficacy. In conclusion, by gaining insights into how these molecules function and which cells they interact with, future studies can devise targeted therapies to address various neurological, immunological, and other disorders more effectively. This knowledge may pave the way for innovative treatments based on NGF manipulation aimed at improving the quality of life for individuals affected by diseases involving neurotrophins.
  • 303
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Exercise Training in Managing Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia associated with impaired carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, with concomitant absence of insulin secretion or reduced sensitivity to its metabolic effects. Physical activity (PA) is normally suggested in the management of type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) diabetes mellitus and can improve glucose uptake by increasing insulin sensitivity, glucose transportation into the cells, and lowering body adiposity.
  • 123
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Application of Diffusion Spectrum Imaging
Studies have demonstrated that many regions in the human brain include multidirectional fiber tracts, in which the diffusion of water molecules within image voxels does not follow a Gaussian distribution. Therefore, the conventional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) that hypothesizes a single fiber orientation within a voxel is intrinsically incapable of revealing the complex microstructures of brain tissues. Diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) employs a pulse sequence with different b-values along multiple gradient directions to sample the diffusion information of water molecules in the entire q-space and then quantitatively estimates the diffusion profile using a probability density function with a high angular resolution. Studies have suggested that DSI can reliably observe the multidirectional fibers within each voxel and allow fiber tracking along different directions, which can improve fiber reconstruction reflecting the true but complicated brain structures that were not observed in the previous DTI studies. Moreover, with increasing angular resolution, DSI is able to reveal new neuroimaging biomarkers used for disease diagnosis and the prediction of disorder progression. However, this method has not been used widely in clinical studies, due to its overly long scanning time and difficult post-processing.
  • 160
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Function of Extracellular Vesicles in Bacterial Lung Infections
Lung infections are one of the most common causes of death and morbidity worldwide. Both bacterial and viral lung infections cause a vast number of infections with varying severities. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by different cells due to infection in the lung have the ability to modify the immune system, leading to either better immune response or worsening of the disease. It has been shown that both bacteria and viruses have the ability to produce their EVs and stimulate the immune system for that.
  • 198
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
XBP1 Modulates the Aging Cardiorenal System
X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a unique basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor. Over recent years, the powerful biological functions of XBP1 in oxidative stress have been gradually revealed. When the redox balance remains undisturbed, oxidative stress plays a role in physiological adaptations and signal transduction. However, during the aging process, increased cellular senescence and reduced levels of endogenous antioxidants cause an oxidative imbalance in the cardiorenal system.
  • 352
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Physiological and Anatomical Changes of Pregnancy
During pregnancy, a woman’s body undergoes various changes, both physiological and anatomical, necessary to meet the increased metabolic needs in order to support the growing fetus, for its harmonious development and also to prepare the body for birth. It has been observed that the first changes appear in the first trimester of pregnancy and intensify once the final term is reached and return to normal a few weeks after birth. The physiological changes produced by pregnancy are generally well tolerated by healthy women, but certain changes are still likely to aggravate different pathologies or give rise to a variety of disorders, especially musculoskeletal, which is the most common in pregnancy. A woman’s body undergoes major changes during pregnancy in all organs to support both the mother and the fetus.
  • 242
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Non-Fibrotic Liver
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a non-fibrotic liver (F0) is considered to be rare, and there is a marked paucity of studies in the literature on this HCC type. A review of the literature shows some important clinical and tumor characteristics: (a) it occurs mainly in young female and elder male patients; (b) clinically, under normal hepatic function, alpha-fetoprotein level is often normal, and there are no risk factors; (c) associated with metabolic disease; (d) macroscopically, single large lesions are noted; and (e) microscopically, the lesions are well-differentiated and encapsulated. Radiological imaging results are straightforward, showing arterial hyperenhancement and later wash-out. The combined use of B-mode and contrast-enhanced (CE) ultrasound (US) is the most reliable and cost-effective diagnostic method. Few peri-and post-operative complications are noted and 5-year survival is not inferior to patients with HCC on fibrosis liver despite the lesion’s large size. Most clinicians believe that HCC is unlikely to occur if patients have no symptoms and normal hepatic function.
  • 172
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Causes of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer occupies a significant position within the landscape of oncological diseases, captivating researchers and medical professionals alike. Its prominence can be attributed to a combination of factors that contribute to its scientific complexity and societal relevance. One of the primary facets that renders ovarian cancer intriguing is its multifaceted etiology, which involves intricate interactions between genetic predispositions, hormonal influences, and environmental factors.
  • 172
  • 15 Nov 2023
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