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Topic Review
Leukemia Cutis
Leukemia cutis (LC) is defined as the leukemic infiltration of the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous tissue. Leukemia cutis may follow or occur simultaneously with the diagnosis of systemic leukemia. However, cutaneous lesions are occasionally diagnosed as the primary manifestation of leukemia. Leukemic skin infiltrations demonstrate considerable variation regarding a number of changes, distribution, and morphology. The highest incidence of LC is observed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, monocytic and myelomonocytic acute myeloid leukemia, and T-cell lineage leukemia. Leukemic skin lesions may be localized or disseminated and may occur alone or in combination on any site of the skin, most frequently in the trunk and extremities. The most common clinical presentations of leukemia cutis are papules, nodules, macules, plaques, and ulcers. In most patients, the complete or partial resolution of cutaneous infiltrations occurs simultaneously with hematologic remission. However, in patients with resistant disease or recurrent skin infiltration, local radiotherapy can be used. 
  • 191
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
p21-Activated Kinases and Therapeutical Responses
Angiogenesis has been associated with numbers of solid tumours. Anti-angiogenesis drugs starve tumours of nutrients and oxygen but also make it difficult for a chemo reagent to distribute into a tumour, leading to aggressive tumour growth. Anti-angiogenesis drugs do not appear to improve the overall survival rate of pancreatic cancer. Vessel normalisation is merging as one of the new approaches for halting tumour progression by facilitating the tumour infiltration of immune cells and the delivery of chemo reagents. Targeting p21-activated kinases (PAKs) in cancer has been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth and improve the efficacy of chemotherapy. Inhibition of PAK enhances anti-tumour immunity and stimulates the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockades.
  • 151
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Patient-Derived Xenografts
Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) have defined the field of translational cancer research, becoming one of the most-used tools in early drug development. The process of establishing cancer models in mice has turned out to be challenging, since little research focuses on evaluating which factors impact engraftment success. 
  • 202
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Longevity Protein Klotho as a Biomarker
Discovered in 1997, the klotho gene (KL) codes for a transmembrane protein mainly expressed in the kidneys and, in smaller quantities, in the brain, parathyroid glands, peripheral blood cells, and vascular tissues. The klotho protein has great potential to be used as a biological marker since a high serum level of klotho is associated with health and longevity.
  • 203
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Characterising a Pathogenic Microbiome
The process of microbiome development arguably begins before birth. Vertical transmission of bacteria from the mother to the infant is a keystone event in microbiome development. Subsequent to birth, the developing microbiome is vulnerable to influence from a wide range of factors. Additionally, the microbiome can influence the health and development of the host infant. This intricate interaction of the gastrointestinal microbiome and the host has been described as both symbiotic and dysbiotic. Defining these terms, a symbiotic microbiome is where the microbiome and host provide mutual benefit to each other. A pathogenic microbiome, or more precisely a gastrointestinal microbiome associated with disease, is increasing described as dysbiotic. 
  • 202
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Perioperative Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Cardiac Surgery
Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction frequently occurs after cardiac surgery and is linked to adverse postoperative outcomes, including mortality, reintubation, stroke, and prolonged ICU stays. While various criteria using echocardiography and hemodynamic parameters have been proposed, a consensus remains elusive. Distinctive RV anatomical features include its thin wall, which presents a triangular shape in a lateral view and a crescent shape in a cross-sectional view. Principal causes of RV dysfunction after cardiac surgery encompass ischemic reperfusion injury, prolonged ischemic time, choice of cardioplegia and its administration, cardiopulmonary bypass weaning characteristics, and preoperative risk factors. Post-left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation RV dysfunction is common but often transient, with a favorable prognosis upon resolution. There is an ongoing debate regarding the benefits of concomitant surgical repair of the RV in the presence of regurgitation. According to the literature, the gold standard techniques for assessing RV function are cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and hemodynamic assessment using thermodilution. 
  • 332
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Healthy Foods Choices for Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the first cause of mortality globally. Diet plays a fundamental role in cardiovascular health and is closely linked to the development of CVD. Numerous human studies have provided evidence on the relationship between diet and CVD.
  • 168
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Interaction of Prokineticin Receptors with Accessory Proteins
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are transmembrane proteins that mediate the intracellular pathway of signals not only through heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) but also through their associations with a variety of additional partner proteins. Prokineticin receptors 1 (PKR1) and 2 (PKR2) are new members of the GPCRs whose ligands are the novel chemokines prokineticin 1 (PK1) and prokineticin 2 (PK2). The multiplicity of G proteins coupled to PKRs, the ability of PKR2 to heterodimerize, the interaction of PKR2 with accessory proteins, and the existence of alternative splice isoforms of PKR2/PK2 explain the complexity of the system in the signal transduction pathway and, consequently, in the modulation of various physiological and pathological functions. Knowledge of these mechanisms provides the basis for the development of targeted drugs with therapeutic efficacy in PK-dependent diseases.
  • 136
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricular Function
Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease that has been long overlooked, but lately its independent association with adverse cardiovascular outcomes was recognized. The time point to intervene and repair the tricuspid valve is defined by the right ventricular (RV) dilation and dysfunction that comes up at a later stage. While guidelines favor tricuspid valve repair before severe RV dysfunction ensues, the definition of RV dysfunction in a universal manner remains vague. As a result, the candidates for transcatheter or surgical TR procedures are often referred late, when advanced RV dysfunction is established, and any derived procedural survival benefit is attenuated.
  • 142
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Sonosensitizers with Various Imaging Functions
With the rapid development of sonodynamic therapy (SDT), sonosensitizers have evolved from traditional treatments to comprehensive diagnostics and therapies. Sonosensitizers play a crucial role in the integration of ultrasound imaging (USI), X-ray computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnostics while also playing a therapeutic role.
  • 134
  • 04 Dec 2023
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