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Topic Review
Extracellular Matrix Metabolism
Chronic inflammation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) is characterized by persistent connective tissue remodeling, which leads to organ dysfunction and ultimately, organ failure, due to excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). The connective tissue responds uniformly to injuries of any kind by distinctive sequential changes in the ECM expression, including oedema formation, angiogenesis and finally, fibrosis, with the deposition of type III collagen in the early phase, mainly as fine fibers, and type I collagen as coarse fibers in the later phase of the lesion). This injury–repair process is qualitatively similar in all organs and is accompanied by the release of various matrix components into the circulation during the synthesis and breakdown of connective tissue constituents at the site of injury.
  • 242
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Impact of Technologies on Diabetes-Related Comorbidities
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood, with a progressively increasing incidence. T1D management requires lifelong insulin treatment and ongoing health care support. The main goal of treatment is to maintain blood glucose levels as close to the physiological range as possible, particularly to avoid blood glucose fluctuations, which have been linked to morbidity and mortality in patients with T1D. 
  • 222
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
Small vessel diseases (SVD) is an umbrella term including several entities affecting small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and venules in the brain. One of the most relevant and prevalent SVDs is cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), whose pathological hallmark is the deposition of amyloid fragments in the walls of small cortical and leptomeningeal vessels. CAA frequently coexists with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), and both are associated with cerebrovascular events, cognitive impairment, and dementia. CAA and AD share pathophysiological, histopathological and neuroimaging issues.
  • 223
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Biobanking in Neuro-Urology
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neuro-urological disorders is crucial for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. Through the establishment of comprehensive biobanks, researchers can collect and store various biological specimens, including urine, blood, tissue, and DNA samples, to study these mechanisms. In the context of neuro-urology, biobanking facilitates the identification of genetic variations, epigenetic modifications, and gene expression patterns associated with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. These conditions often present as symptoms of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, and many others. Biobanking of tissue specimens from such patients is essential to understand why these diseases cause the respective symptoms and what can be done to alleviate them. 
  • 219
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Role of Lamins in Lung Cancer
Lamins are type V intermediate filament proteins that are best known for their scaffolding function in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Lamins are encoded by the LMNA, LMNB1, and LMNB2 genes, giving rise to seven known lamin variants due to alternative splicing. In physiological settings, lamins play important roles in maintaining the integrity of the nuclear envelope, regulating DNA replication and transcription, and organizing the chromatin structure. Germline alterations in the lamin-encoding genes give rise to a multitude of disorders such as disturbed fat and skeletal homeostasis and syndromes that are summarized as laminopathies. These syndromes include cardiomyopathies, muscular dystrophies, and premature-aging-like syndromes such as the Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). HGPS is caused by abnormal splicing of prelamin A, resulting in a shortened isoform that is referred to as lamin AΔ50, AΔ150, or progerin. Lamin B-related diseases include lipodystrophy and brain disorders such as adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy (ADLD). While laminopathies are rare diseases, the underlying mutations provide insights into the function and organization of lamin proteins. 
  • 300
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Health Benefits of Herbs and Spices in MetS
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a growing global health problem. Evidence suggests that diets rich in phytochemical-containing herbs and spices can contribute to reducing the risk of chronic diseases. 
  • 150
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Evolution of Fetal Cardiac Imaging
The evaluation of a variety of congenital heart diseases (CHDs) using three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound with different software, such as Cristal Vue, Realistic Vue, LumiFlow, and Spatiotemporal Image Correlation (STIC), with HDlive and HDlive Flow Silhouette modes. These technologies provide realistic images of the fetal heart and cardiac vessels using a fixed virtual light source that allows the operator to freely select a better light source position to enhance the cardiovascular anatomical details. In addition, Fetal Intelligent Navigation Echocardiography (FINE) technology, also known as “5D Heart” or “5D”, is a technology that enables the automatic reconstruction of the nine standard fetal echocardiographic views and can alert non-specialists to suspected CHD. Through the use of artificial intelligence, an ultrasound machine is able to perform automatic anatomical and functional measurements. In addition, these technologies enable the reconstruction of fetal cardiac structures in realistic images, improving the depth perception and resolution of anatomic cardiac details and blood vessels compared to those of standard two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound.
  • 153
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Adipocyte Microenvironment in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies and has low survival rates. One of the main determinants of this unfavorable prognosis is the high rate of peritoneal metastasis at diagnosis, closely related to its morbidity and mortality. The mechanism underlying peritoneal carcinomatosis is not clearly defined, but a clear preference for omental spread has been described. Growing evidence suggests that adipose tissue plays a role in promoting cancer onset and progression. Moreover, obesity can lead to changes in the original functions of adipocytes, resulting in metabolic and inflammatory changes in the adipose tissue microenvironment, potentially increasing the risk of tumor growth. 
  • 269
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Exosomes in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome
Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles (EVs) with a diameter of 30~150 nm (averaging ~100 nm) that are primarily produced through the endosomal pathway, and carry various components such as lipids, proteins, RNA, and other small molecular substances. Exosomes can mediate intercellular communication through the bioactive substances they carry, thus participating in different physiological activities. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a disease caused by disturbances in the body’s metabolism, mainly including insulin resistance (IR), diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis (AS). Exosomes are closely related to the occurrence and development of MS. Exosomes can act as messengers to mediate signaling transductions between metabolic cells in the organism and play a bidirectional regulatory role in the MS process. 
  • 210
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Escherichia coli-Based Therapeutic Protein Expression
Therapeutic proteins treat many acute and chronic diseases that were, until recently, considered untreatable. However, their high development cost keeps them out of reach of most patients around the world. One possible way to make manufacturing cheaper is to use newer technologies, such as Escherichia coli to make larger molecules, like full-length antibodies, that are normally only made in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, switch to continuous manufacturing, and change the process to cell-free synthesis. The advantages of using E. coli include a shorter production cycle, little risk of viral contamination, cell host stability, and a highly reproducible post-translational modification.
  • 149
  • 08 Dec 2023
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