Encyclopedia
Scholarly Community
Encyclopedia
Entry
Video
Image
Journal
Book
News
About
Entry
Entry
Video
Image
Log in/Sign up
Submit
Entry
Video
Image
Subject:
All Disciplines
Arts & Humanities
Biology & Life Sciences
Business & Economics
Chemistry & Materials Science
Computer Science & Mathematics
Engineering
Environmental & Earth Sciences
Medicine & Pharmacology
Physical Sciences
Public Health & Healthcare
Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest
Latest
Alphabetical (A-Z)
Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All
Topic Review
Biography
Topic Review
TILs in rabbit mammary carcinomas
Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are key components of the tumor microenvironment that mediate the anti-tumor immune response. In breast cancer of humans, TILs represent prognostic and predictive biomarkers. For their standardized evaluation in routinely (hematoxylin and eosin) stained tissue sections, international guidelines exist. Recently, TILs have also been analyzed in pet rabbit mammary carcinomas according to these international guidelines. Results of the study on rabbit mammary carcinomas showed a statistically significant association between higher TIL numbers in stromal TIL hotspot areas and microscopic parameters indicative of a better tumor differentiation, i.e. decreased mitotic count, lower histological tumor grade and higher percentage of calponin positive tumor cells. These findings suggest that in rabbit mammary carcinomas TIL hotspot areas may exert an influence on the biological behavior of these tumors. The present study contributes to comparative pathology. In addition, it provides the basis for further investigations into the impact of TILs on clinical parameters of pet rabbit mammary carcinomas.
969
27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
TIGIT
TIGIT is a transmembrane glycoprotein comprising one immunoglobulin variable (IgV) domain, a type I transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) and immunoglobulin tyrosine tail (ITT)-like motif.
922
08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Tics and Emotions
Tics can be associated with neurological disorders and are thought to be the result of dysfunctional basal ganglia pathways. In Tourette Syndrome (TS), excess dopamine in the striatum is thought to excite the thalamo-cortical circuits, producing tics. When external stressors activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, more dopamine is produced, furthering the excitation of tic-producing pathways. Emotional processing structures in the limbic are also activated during tics, providing further evidence of a possible emotional component in motor ticking behaviors.
518
17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Ticagrelor Resistance in Cardiovascular Disease and Ischemic Stroke
Ticagrelor, acting as a reversible platelet aggregation inhibitor of P2Y12 receptors (P2Y12R), is regarded as one of the first-line antiplatelet drugs for acute cardiovascular diseases. Though the probability of ticagrelor resistance is much lower than that of clopidogrel, there have been recent reports of ticagrelor resistance.
405
13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Thyroid Storm Complicated with Myocardial Involvement and Shock
Thyroid storm (TS) is a rare and fatal endocrine emergency that occurs due to undiagnosed and inadequately treated hyperthyroidism after stressful conditions in patients with thyroid disorders. The myocardial involvement in terms of injury, dysrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, failure, and cardiogenic shock (CS) during TS and the modalities of treatment and their efficiency, including pharmacological, mechanical, and surgical options are explored.
164
27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Thyroid Hürthle Cell Carcinoma
Hürthle cells are characterized cytologically as large cells with abundant eosinophilic, granular cytoplasms, and large hyperchromatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli. The cytoplasm of a Hürthle cell is swollen due mainly to the presence of numerous mitochondria. The mitochondrial protein has affinity to bind with eosin. Therefore, Hürthle cells are also called oxyphilic cells. Hürthle cell lesions in the thyroid are composed of cells with this classic histology, but not all oncocytic cells in the thyroid are true Hürthle cells. Cells with less or incomplete eosinophilic, granular appearance can observed, at least focally, in any thyroid lesions, such as autoimmune thyroiditis, nodular goiter, aging, and irradiated thyroids. These oncocytic, non-Hürthle cells are called “oncocytic metaplasia”.
841
23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta
There is compelling evidence that the nuclear receptor TRβ, a member of the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) family, is a tumor suppressor in thyroid, breast, and other solid tumors. Cell-based and animal studies reveal that the liganded TRβ induces apoptosis, reduces an aggressive phenotype, decreases stem cell populations, and slows tumor growth through modulation of a complex interplay of transcriptional networks. TRβ-driven tumor suppressive transcriptomic signatures include repression of known drivers of proliferation such as PI3K/Akt pathway, activation of novel signaling such as JAK1/STAT1, and metabolic reprogramming in both thyroid and breast cancers. The presence of TRβ is also correlated with a positive prognosis and response to therapeutics in BRCA+ and triple-negative breast cancers, respectively. Ligand activation of TRβ enhances sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. TRβ co-regulators and bromodomain-containing chromatin remodeling proteins are emergent therapeutic targets.
408
10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Thyroid Hormone and MASLD
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly termed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a widespread global health concern that affects around 25% of the global population. Its influence is expanding, and it is anticipated to overtake alcohol as the leading cause of liver failure and liver-related death worldwide. Mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly linked to the development of MASLD.
135
21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Thyroid Eye Disease
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an inflammatory disease of orbital tissue characterized by infiltration of lymphocytic cells, orbital fat expansion, and extraocular muscle swelling. The gravity of thyroid eye disease lies in its sight-threatening, debilitating, and disfiguring potential. Despite extensive ongoing research about TED, the disorder remains elusive in its exact pathophysiology, prevention, and ideal treatment.
586
22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Thyroid Diseases and Breast Cancer
Multiple lines of evidence indicated a significant relationship between thyroid carcinomas and other primary extra-thyroidal malignancies (EM), especially breast cancer. For the latter, a prominent association was also found with benign thyroid diseases. Factors other than oncologic treatments may play a role in the initiation and progression of a second primary malignancy. The molecular links between thyroid autoimmunity and breast cancer remain, however, unidentified, and different hypotheses have been proposed.
454
14 Mar 2022
Page
of
1349
Featured Entry Collections
>>
Featured Books
>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Chief Editor:
Michael McAleer
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Chief Editor:
Stephen Bustin
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Chief Editor:
Luis V. Lopez-Llorca
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Chief Editor:
Sandro Serpa
Entry
Video
Image
Journal
Book
News
About
Log in/Sign up
New Entry
New Video
New Images
About
Terms and Conditions
Privacy Policy
Advisory Board
Contact
Partner
Video Production Service
Feedback
Top
Feedback
×
Help Center
Browse our user manual, common Q&A, author guidelines, etc.
Rate your experience
Let us know your experience and what we could improve.
Report an error
Is something wrong? Please let us know!
Other feedback
Other feedback you would like to report.
×
Did you find what you were looking for?
Love
Like
Neutral
Dislike
Hate
0
/500
Email
Do you agree to share your valuable feedback publicly on
Encyclopedia
’s homepage?
Yes, I agree. Encyclopedia can post it.
No, I do not agree. I would not like to post my testimonial.
Webpage
Upload a screenshot
(Max file size 2MB)
Submit
Back
Close
×