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Topic Review
Dual-Energy CT in Patients after Endovascular Aortic Repair
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are a significant cause of mortality in developed countries. Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is currently the leading treatment method for AAAs. Due to the high sensitivity and specificity of post-EVAR complication detection, CT angiography (CTA) is the reference method for imaging surveillance in patients after EVAR. Many studies have shown the advantages of dual-energy CT (DECT) over standard polyenergetic CTA in vascular applications.
  • 156
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Quality of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, or EGD, is essential for diagnosing and managing ailments of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The quality of EGD is crucial and carries significant consequences for patient outcomes, the employment of healthcare resources, and the future course of gastroenterology as a medical specialty.
  • 165
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
NF-κB in Microglia/Macrophages of GBM and AD
Microglia and macrophages are pivotal to the brain’s innate immune response and have garnered considerable attention in the context of glioblastoma (GBM) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research.  The NF-κB pathway, first identified in 1986 by Sen and Baltimore, plays a pivotal role in the immune response, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Its molecular architecture includes five DNA-binding members: REL (c-REL), RELA (p65), RELB, NF-κB1 (p50), and NF-κB2 (p52), with the unique attribute of NF-κB2 (p52) lacking transactivation domains. NF-κB signaling encompasses three distinct pathways: canonical, non-canonical, and atypical, each with unique activation mechanisms and cellular responses. Through multiple graphic depictions, the reference clearly presented the traditional pathways and components of NF-κB. The canonical pathway, generally activated by microbial infections or pro-inflammatory cytokines, involves the phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of IκB proteins by the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, releasing p65/p50 NF-κB dimers for nuclear translocation and transcription activation. The non-canonical pathway, selectively activated by receptors like CD40, B-cell-activating factor receptor (BAFF-R), and lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTβR), primarily involves NF-κB2 (p100/p52) proteins and RELB. This pathway initiates with ligand binding, triggering NF-κB-inducible kinase (NIK) to phosphorylate and activate IKK1 (IKKα), leading to p100’s processing into p52 and the subsequent translocation of p52/RELB dimers to the nucleus, thus regulating gene expression differently compared to the canonical pathway. The atypical pathway, which is less well-characterized, can be triggered by DNA-damaging agents independently of IKK, illustrating the versatility and complexity of NF-κB signaling in cellular dynamics.
  • 183
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Hypomagnesemia and Hypermagnesemia
Magnesium is an essential element with a pleiotropic role in human biology. Despite tight intestinal and renal regulation of its balance, insufficient intake can finally result in hypomagnesemia, which is a proxy of intracellular deficiency. Conditions such as diabetes, cancer, and infections are often associated with hypomagnesemia, which mostly predicts an unfavorable outcome. 
  • 94
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Sialylated-Glycan Bindings between SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Cells
Consistent with well-established biochemical properties of coronaviruses, sialylated glycan attachments between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) and host cells are key to the virus’s pathology. SARS-CoV-2 SP attaches to and aggregates red blood cells (RBCs), as shown in many pre-clinical and clinical studies, causing pulmonary and extrapulmonary microthrombi and hypoxia in severe COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV-2 SP attachments to the heavily sialylated surfaces of platelets (which, like RBCs, have no ACE2) and endothelial cells (having minimal ACE2) compound this vascular damage. Notably, experimentally induced RBC aggregation in vivo causes the same key morbidities as for severe COVID-19, including microvascular occlusion, blood clots, hypoxia and myocarditis.
  • 170
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Appropriate Vestibular Stimulation in Children and Adolescents
The structural development of the vestibular part of the inner ear is completed by birth but its central connections continue to develop until adolescence. Their development is dependent on vestibular stimulation—vestibular experience. Studies have shown that vestibular function, modulated by experience and epigenetic factors, is not solely an instrument for body position regulation, navigation, and stabilization of the head and images but also influences cognition, emotion, the autonomous nervous system and hormones. 
  • 242
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Immune Microenvironment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Epstein-Barr Virus
Reports about the oncogenic mechanisms underlying nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) have been accumulating since the discovery of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in NPC cells. EBV is the primary causative agent of NPC. EBV–host and tumor–immune system interactions underlie the unique representative pathology of NPC, which is an undifferentiated cancer cell with extensive lymphocyte infiltration. Recent advances in the understanding of immune evasion and checkpoints have changed the treatment of NPC in clinical settings. The main EBV genes involved in NPC are LMP1, which is the primary EBV oncogene, and BZLF1, which induces the lytic phase of EBV. These two multifunctional genes affect host cell behavior, including the tumor–immune microenvironment and EBV behavior.
  • 333
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Genistein’s Effects in Preclinical Models of Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. While treatments exist to stop growth of cervical cancer in humans, they are often associated with major side effects and the development of resistance to therapy. Traditionally, plant-derived compounds have been used to treat many ailments, including cancer. The search for novel plant-derived chemicals is important, as they can potentially provide effective treatment with less severe side effects and importantly overcome drug resistance. Genistein and its analogues have been shown to decrease survival and proliferation as well as induce cell death in cell culture models of cervical cancer and reduce tumor volume in a mouse model. 
  • 172
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Mechanistic Insights into Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus. It arises from a complex interplay of genetic predisposition (susceptibility loci), environmental triggers (allergens and dietary antigens), and a dysregulated immune response, mainly mediated by type 2 T helper cell (Th2)-released cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13.
  • 141
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, progressive respiratory disease that is growing in prevalence worldwide. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD 2023) defines COPD “as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea, cough, expectoration and/or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis, bronchiolitis) and/or alveoli (emphysema) that cause persistent, often progressive, airflow obstruction.”. GOLD is a well-known international organization, which is working to provide guidelines for COPD diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and management in order to assess the characteristics of COPD at a global scale, and to maximize available resources to support COPD care. In COPD management, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments are mostly administrated together.
  • 168
  • 27 Dec 2023
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