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Topic Review
Cosmetic Pretreatment Techniques
The diversity of cosmetic matrices requires appropriate pretreatment methods. For emulsified cosmetics rich in emulsifiers and thickeners, techniques such as field-assisted extraction, which utilizes oscillation or microwave-assisted heating, and supercritical fluid extraction, often with CO2, are preferred. Conversely, liquid cosmetics with simpler matrices benefit from phase separation techniques such as liquid–liquid extraction. Aqueous extraction is ideal for products rich in polar compounds, while headspace analysis is best suited for isolating volatile constituents.
  • 142
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Prevention Measures of Needle-Biopsy-Induced Cancer Cell Displacement
Needle-biopsy-induced cancer cell displacement is a common event. The risk is influenced by the biopsy technique and the breast cancer type. Evidence suggests that the risk of needle-biopsy-induced cancer cell displacement may potentially increase the odds of local recurrence but has no impact on regional recurrence and long-term survival.
  • 235
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Salivary Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease which manifests with progressive cognitive impairment, leading to dementia. Potential biomarkers include mainly proteins, metabolites and even miRNAs. Based on meta-analysis, in AD patients, salivary levels of beta-amyloid42 and p-tau levels were significantly increased, and t-tau and lactoferrin were decreased at borderline statistical significance.
  • 180
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Synthetic Proteins in Dental Applications
Biotechnology and artificial intelligence have sparked a revolution in dentistry, with a focus on restoring natural tissue functions. This transformation has given rise to bioactive materials, inspired by biomimetics, aimed at replicating the processes found in nature. As synthetic biology advances, there is a heightened focus on signaling systems crucial for bio-based diagnostics and therapeutics. Dentistry now harnesses synthetic proteins for tissue regeneration and dental material enhancement. A current research priority is bacterial biofilm inhibition, vital for dental health. Given the role of Streptococcus mutans in dental caries, the development of synthetic antimicrobial peptides targeting this bacterium is underway. The balance of dental enamel between demineralization and remineralization impacts caries formation. Factors such as the presence of hydroxyapatite and salivary peptides influence enamel health. Recent studies have spotlighted salivary protein-inspired peptides for enhanced remineralization.
  • 177
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Microbiota in Newborn from Birth to Weaning
Nutrients play a crucial role in enriching and diversifying the microbiota, derived not only from solid food but also from maternal dietary patterns during gestation.
  • 239
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Contribution of PM2.5 to Upper Airway Disorders
PM2.5 is one of the most harmful components of airborne pollution and includes particles with diameters of less than 2.5 μm. Almost 90% of the world’s population lives in areas with poor air quality exceeding the norms established by the WHO. PM2.5 exposure affects various organs and systems of the human body including the upper respiratory tract which is one of the most prone to its adverse effects. PM2.5 can disrupt nasal epithelial cell metabolism, decrease the integrity of the epithelial barrier, affect mucociliary clearance, and alter the inflammatory process in the nasal mucosa. Those effects may increase the chance of developing upper respiratory tract diseases in areas with high PM2.5 pollution. 
  • 200
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
New Labeling Rules for Wine
Phenolic compounds have attracted considerable research interest due to their antioxidant properties and potential beneficial effects on human health. Data on estimated consumption of wine suggest that the polyphenol contents are similar regardless of choice of wine/area while different alcohol compositions affect the level of alcohol and calorie intake. Thus, moderate wine drinkers should be advised to control the habit, but without exceeding the dose considered a healthy threshold (up to 30–40 g of alcohol/day in men and 10–20 g of alcohol/day in women), given no medical contraindications are present.
  • 212
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Nuclear Imaging for Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis
Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is a complex and serious form of heart failure caused by the accumulation of transthyretin amyloid protein in the heart muscle. Variable symptoms of ATTR-CM can lead to a delayed diagnosis. Recognizing the diagnostic indicators is crucial to promptly detect this condition.
  • 239
  • 28 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Primary Aldosteronism
Primary aldosteronism (PA), a significant and curable cause of secondary hypertension, is seen in 5–10% of hypertensive patients, with its prevalence contingent upon the severity of the hypertension. The principal aetiologies of PA include bilateral idiopathic hypertrophy (BIH) and aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs), while the less frequent causes include unilateral hyperplasia, familial hyperaldosteronism (FH) types I-IV, aldosterone-producing carcinoma, and ectopic aldosterone synthesis. This condition, characterised by excessive aldosterone secretion, leads to augmented sodium and water reabsorption alongside potassium loss, culminating in distinct clinical hallmarks: elevated aldosterone levels, suppressed renin levels, and hypertension. Notably, hypokalaemia is present in only 28% of patients with PA and is not a primary indicator. The association of PA with an escalated cardiovascular risk profile, independent of blood pressure levels, is notable. Patients with PA exhibit a heightened incidence of cardiovascular events compared to counterparts with essential hypertension, matched for age, sex, and blood pressure levels.
  • 139
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Ferroptosis in I/R Cardiac Injury
The hospital mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is about 6% and has not decreased in recent years. The leading cause of death of these patients is ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) cardiac injury. It is quite obvious that there is an urgent need to create new drugs for the treatment of STEMI based on knowledge about the pathogenesis of I/R cardiac injury, in particular, based on knowledge about the molecular mechanism of ferroptosis.
  • 101
  • 26 Jan 2024
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