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Topic Review
Umbilical Endometriosis and Pathogenic Theory Proposal
Endometriosis is a benign gynecological disorder that affects about 5% of reproductive-aged women. The pelvic cavity is the most common location of endometriotic implants, but about 12% of lesions are extragenital and, among the extra-pelvic sites, endometriosis of the abdominal wall (AWE) is the most common. Umbilical endometriosis (UE), or Villar’s nodule, as first described by Villar in 1886, is defined as the presence of endometrial glands and/or stroma within the umbilicus.
  • 310
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Umbilical Cord-Derived Wharton’s Jelly in Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine
Wharton’s jelly (WJ) is an allogenic tissue comprised of connective tissue located within the umbilical cord. Wharton’s jelly resists torsional and compressive stresses during fetal development levied upon the umbilical vessels. The primitive mesenchymal stem cells reside within the UC-derived WJ [15]. These perinatal MSCs resemble embryonic stem cells (ESCs) but exhibit many properties of adult MSCs. Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJSCs) exhibit lower expression levels of pluripotent markers compared to ESCs, indicating multipotency rather than pluripotency [16,17]. Wharton’s jelly contains the highest concentration of MSCs/mL compared to other tissue types.
  • 618
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in COVID-19 Treatment
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which counts more than 650 million cases and more than 6.6 million of deaths worldwide, affects the respiratory system with typical symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and fatigue. Uumbilical-cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (UC-MSCs)  could be a potent tool against phlogistic status, not only during the last pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, but also for other future pandemic or respiratory tract inflammatory diseases. However, a series of challenges still lies ahead, comprising the accomplishment of all the tests required by the regulatory bodies.
  • 264
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
UM-EVs involved in tumor progression
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry molecules derived from donor cells and are able to alter the properties of recipient cells. They are important players during the genesis and progression of tumors. Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults and is associated with a high rate of metastasis, primarily to the liver. However, the mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. In the present study, we analyzed the oncogenic potential of UM-derived EVs and their protein signature. We isolated and characterized EVs from five UM cell lines and from normal choroidal melanocytes (NCMs). BRCA1-deficient fibroblasts (Fibro-BKO) were exposed to the EVs and analyzed for their growth in vitro and their reprograming potential in vivo following inoculation into NOD-SCID mice. Mass spectrometry of proteins from UM-EVs and NCM-EVs was performed to determine a protein signature that could elucidate potential key players in UM progression. In-depth analyses showed the presence of exosomal markers, and proteins involved in cell-cell and focal adhesion, endocytosis, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Notably, we observed high expression levels of HSP90, HSP70 and integrin V in UM-EVs. Our data bring new evidence on the involvement of UM-EVs in cancer progression and metastasis.
  • 512
  • 04 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Ulvan As a Seaweed-Derived Sulfated Polysaccharide
Cancer is one of the most worldwide spread diseases and causes maximum death. Treatment of cancer depends on the host immune system and the type of drugs. The inefficiency of conventional cancer treatments as a result of drug resistance, nontargeted delivery, and chemotherapy-related negative side effects has caused bioactive phytochemicals to come into focus. Ulvan is a polysaccharide derived from various green seaweeds of the Ulva species in the family Ulvaceae. It has been demonstrated to have potent anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties through the modulation of antioxidants. It is vital to understand the mechanisms underlying the biotherapeutic activities of Ulvan in cancer and its role in immunomodulation.
  • 384
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Ultrathin-Strut Stents
Studies have shown a lower risk of very late stent thrombosis with developing second-generation DESs with biocompatible and biodegradable polymers or without polymers altogether. In addition, research has indicated that thinner struts are associated with a reduced risk of intrastent restenosis and angiographic and clinical results. A drug-eluting stents (DES) with ultrathin struts (strut thickness of 70 µm) is more flexible, facilitates better tracking, and is more crossable than a conventional second-generation DES. The question is whether ultrathin eluting drug stents suit all kinds of lesions. 
  • 387
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Ultrastructure in Transthyretin Amyloidosis
Transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis is caused by systemic deposition of wild-type or variant amyloidogenic TTR (ATTRwt and ATTRv, respectively). ATTRwt amyloidosis has traditionally been termed senile systemic amyloidosis, while ATTRv amyloidosis has been called familial amyloid polyneuropathy. Although ATTRwt amyloidosis has classically been regarded as one of the causes of cardiomyopathy occurring in the elderly population, recent developments in diagnostic techniques have significantly expanded the concept of this disease. For example, this disease is now considered an important cause of carpal tunnel syndrome in the elderly population. The phenotypes of ATTRv amyloidosis also vary depending on the mutation and age of onset. Peripheral neuropathy usually predominates in patients from the conventional endemic foci, while cardiomyopathy or oculoleptomeningeal involvement may also become major problems in other patients. Electron microscopic studies indicate that the direct impact of amyloid fibrils on surrounding tissues leads to organ damage, whereas accumulating evidence suggests that nonfibrillar TTR, such as oligomeric TTR, is toxic, inducing neurodegeneration. Microangiopathy has been suggested to act as an initial lesion, increasing the leakage of circulating TTR. Regarding treatments, the efficacy of liver transplantation has been established for ATTRv amyloidosis patients, particularly patients with early-onset amyloidosis. Recent phase III clinical trials have shown the efficacy of TTR stabilizers, such as tafamidis and diflunisal, for both ATTRwt and ATTRv amyloidosis patients. 
  • 487
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Ultrasound-Mediated Gene Delivery
Recently, various drug and gene delivery systems employing physical energy, such as ultrasound, magnetic force, electric force, and light, have been developed. Ultrasound-mediated delivery has particularly attracted interest due to its safety and low costs. Ultrasound exposure increases cell membrane permeability and facilitates the delivery of drugs or genes into cells. Its delivery effects are also enhanced when combined with microbubbles or nanobubbles that entrap an ultrasound contrast gas. Furthermore, ultrasound-mediated nucleic acid delivery could be performed only in ultrasound exposed area. 
  • 562
  • 07 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Ultrasound-Mediated Drug Delivery and Gene Therapy
Ultrasound (US) is a nearly innocuous and widely available imaging technique with a well-established role in various diagnostic applications. Diagnostic US techniques uses high frequency ultrasound waves to view real-time tissue and organs inside the human body. The use of US as a drug delivery facilitator was first described in the mid 90s, using the physical transient increased cell membrane permeability from sonoporation. Subsequent research reported the enhanced biophysical effects of ultrasound by incorporation of MBs.
  • 463
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ultrasound-Guided Saphenous Nerve Block in Rabbits
Ultrasound-guided (US-guided) loco-regional anesthesia techniques allow direct visualization and blockade of sensory nerves. The saphenous nerve (SN), a terminal branch of the femoral nerve (FN), is strictly a sensory nerve for which electrical locator devices are ineffective for localization as no effector muscle contractions can be evoked. US-guided SN block in species other than rabbits produces hind-limb analgesia without affecting FN motor function.
  • 521
  • 17 Mar 2022
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