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Topic Review
Various Protein Kinase Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents
Protein kinases (PTKs) are enzymes that regulate the biological activity of proteins by phosphorylation of certain amino acid residues. This reaction causes a conformational change from an inactive to an active form of the protein, which is one of the most important regulatory mechanisms of the cell cycle and transduction of external signals. Dysregulation of protein kinases activity is implicated in the processes of carcinogenesis and the progression of various solid cancers. Therefore, protein kinases are prime targets for the development of selective anticancer drugs.
  • 1.8K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota and Related Diseases
Dynamic interactions between gut microbiota and a host’s innate and adaptive immune systems play key roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and inhibiting inflammation. The gut microbiota metabolizes proteins and complex carbohydrates, synthesize vitamins, and produce an enormous number of metabolic products that can mediate cross-talk between gut epithelial and immune cells. As a defense mechanism, gut epithelial cells produce a mucosal barrier to segregate microbiota from host immune cells and reduce intestinal permeability. An impaired interaction between gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system can lead to an increased abundance of potentially pathogenic gram-negative bacteria and their associated metabolic changes, disrupting the epithelial barrier and increasing susceptibility to infections. Gut dysbiosis, or negative alterations in gut microbial composition, can also dysregulate immune responses, causing inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. Over time, chronic dysbiosis and the translocation of bacteria and their metabolic products across the mucosal barrier may increase prevalence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune disease, and a variety of cancers. 
  • 1.8K
  • 23 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Neuron Migration
Radial neuron migration in the developing cerebral cortex is a complex journey, starting in the germinal zones and ending in the cortical plate. In mice, migratory distances can reach several hundreds of microns, or millimeters in humans. Along the migratory path, radially migrating neurons slither through cellularly dense and complex territories before they reach their final destination in the cortical plate.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD)—the worldwide third most common inherited muscular dystrophy caused by the heterozygous contraction of a 3.3 kb tandem repeat (D4Z4) on a chromosome with a 4q35 haplotype—is a progressive genetic myopathy with variable onset of symptoms, distribution of muscle weakness, and clinical severity.  A rough correlation between the phenotypic severity of FSHD and the D4Z4 repeat size has been reported, and the majority of patients with infantile FSHD obtain a very short D4Z4 repeat length (one to three copies, EcoRI size 10–14 kb), in contrast to the classical, slowly progressive, form of FSHD (15–38 kb). With the increasing identifications of case reports and the advance in genetic diagnostics, recent studies have suggested that the variant of FSHD is not a genetically separate entity but a part of the FSHD spectrum. Nevertheless, many questions about the clinical phenotype and natural history of FSHD remain unanswered, limiting evidence-based clinical management.
  • 1.8K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Potential Effects of Fasting in SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Intermittent fasting is a potential complementary therapy to vaccination and antiviral therapies that not only impacts chronic disease risk but also has good evidence of an impact on infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Intermittent fasting should improve the immune response of and reduce acute hyperinflammation for unvaccinated people, strengthen immunity between vaccinations for vaccinated people, and prolong the length of time a vaccinated person can go before receiving a subsequent booster dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. A set of at least 10 biological mechanisms may be impacted by intermittent fasting in the human physiological response to SARS-CoV-2 that may reduce the severity of COVID-19 outcomes. For example, by boosting autophagy, fasting may aid the immune system to identify silently infected cells via increased degradation of viral proteins and through antigen presentation to natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells. Intermittent fasting may also provide a constellation of mechanisms that empower a damaged human immune system to repair itself and to hunt down residual SARS-CoV-2 virus that is hiding from it in the context of both acute infection and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Furthermore, fasting adds no financial cost to a care plan and, when practiced safely, is available to most adults regardless of education, income, location, or ancestry. Clinical trials of intermittent fasting for reduction of COVID-19 severity are needed.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Sphingolipid Catabolism
In the plasma membrane and other cellular compartments (endosome/lysosome), sphingomyelin can be hydrolyzed to ceramide by sphingomyelinases.  Ceramide generated by this pathway is further degraded into sphingosine by ceramidases. Shingosine can also be phosphorylated by sphingosine kinases to sphingosine-1-phosphate. Changes in the profiles of sphingomyelin and its metabolites ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) can result in a pathological condition triggered by accumulation or by altering cell signaling.
  • 1.8K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
ABC
ABC and its variations are initialism mnemonics for essential steps used by both medical professionals and lay persons (such as first aiders) when dealing with a patient. In its original form it stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. The protocol was originally developed as a memory aid for rescuers performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and the most widely known use of the initialism is in the care of the unconscious or unresponsive patient, although it is also used as a reminder of the priorities for assessment and treatment of patients in many acute medical and trauma situations, from first-aid to hospital medical treatment. Airway, breathing, and circulation are all vital for life, and each is required, in that order, for the next to be effective. Since its development, the mnemonic has been extended and modified to fit the different areas in which it is used, with different versions changing the meaning of letters (such as from the original 'Circulation' to 'Compressions') or adding other letters (such as an optional "D" step for Disability or Defibrillation). In 2010, the American Heart Association and International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation changed the recommended order of CPR interventions for most cases of cardiac arrest to chest compressions, airway, and breathing, or CAB.
  • 1.8K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Properties of Anthocyanins
Anthocyanins are a subgroup of flavonoids, which are a prevalent and numerous class of secondary plant metabolites, that all share the C6-C3-C6 flavan or 2-phenyl-benzodihydorpyrane skeleton.
  • 1.8K
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The Relationship between COVID-19 and Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly heterogeneous disease regarding severity, vulnerability to infection due to comorbidities, and treatment approaches. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis has been identified as one of the most critical endocrine targets of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that might significantly impact outcomes after infection.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Lactic Acid Fermentation on Food
The microbial and biochemical changes in different fermented foods due to the fermenting microorganisms. It has been a matter of study because it contributes to the enhancement of nutritional content in fermented foods due to various fermenting microorganisms that results in the modifications of foods ecosystems like on flavour, rheology, and shelf-life, as well as on the functional/nutritional characteristics of the foods. Fermentation technique has been used for centuries to upgrade food materials and to formulate a more acceptable product. It helps in the successful degradation of anti-nutritive compounds present in the fermented foods thus making it safe and consumable. This entry will help to know more about the potential of fermented foods to increase substantially the nutritional value of the world's most abundant food resources. The fermentation process has converted the unpalatable food materials into attractive and nutritious foods to add variety and flavour to monotonous staple dishes. It also enhances the nutritional value of foods in terms of vitamins, antioxidants, volatile compounds and minerals, etc. This entry may promote microbial and biochemical changes in fermented foods in a broad manner that helps to understand the overall beneficial effect of microorganisms on fermented foods. 
  • 1.8K
  • 13 Dec 2020
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