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Topic Review
Dynamic Forces and Kinematic Indicators of Kicks
In the realm of fighting activities, such as martial arts, combat sports, and close combat, participants dedicate themselves to enhancing their strength and speed and refining their techniques to overcome opponents or break solid targets. Biomechanical tools have proven instrumental in investigating and improving the techniques employed in these sports and combat activities, with researchers utilizing dynamic and kinematic indicators for thorough analyses.
  • 362
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Hyaluronic Acid in Mitigating Perioral Region Aging
Aging can have a negative impact on the perioral region, affecting both appearance and self-esteem. Dentists offer various treatment options to address these changes, using surgical and non-surgical techniques. One such technique is facial filling with hyaluronic acid, a minimally invasive approach to improve the perioral region’s function and aesthetics and counteract aging effects. 
  • 166
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
α-Synuclein Strains in Parkinson’s Disease
Like many neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the formation of proteinaceous aggregates in brain cells. In PD, those proteinaceous aggregates are formed by the α-synuclein (αSyn) and are considered the trademark of this neurodegenerative disease. In addition to PD, αSyn pathological aggregation is also detected in atypical Parkinsonism, including Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), as well as neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, some cases of traumatic brain injuries, and variants of Alzheimer’s disease. Collectively, these (and other) disorders are referred to as synucleinopathies, highlighting the relation between disease type and protein misfolding/aggregation. Despite these pathological relationships, however, synucleinopathies cover a wide range of pathologies, present with a multiplicity of symptoms, and arise from dysfunctions in different neuroanatomical regions and cell populations. Strikingly, αSyn deposition occurs in different types of cells, with oligodendrocytes being mainly affected in MSA, while aggregates are found in neurons in PD. If multiple factors contribute to the development of a pathology, especially in the cases of slow-developing neurodegenerative disorders, the common presence of αSyn aggregation, as both a marker and potential driver of disease, is puzzling.
  • 439
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Interleukin-1Beta Signalin in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Targeted therapies for solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), have advanced significantly, offering tailored treatment options for patients. However, individuals without targetable mutations pose a clinical challenge, as they may not respond to standard treatments like immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and novel targeted therapies; further, there is an unmet need to identify prognostic biomarkers of response to treatment. Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) have emerged as a key area of focus and hold significant potential implications for future clinical practice. Combinatorial approaches of IL-1β inhibitors and ICIs may provide a potential therapeutic modality for NSCLC patients without targetable mutations and offer insight into the continued search for prognostic biomarkers.
  • 229
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Matrix Metalloproteinases and Cardiovascular Disease
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of 25 proteolytic enzymes (zinc-dependent endopeptidases) present in the extracellular matrix whose known role is to degrade its structural components. A primary role of these proteases has been that of cleaving extracellular matrix proteins under certain physiological and pathological conditions. Physiologically, they are involved in different processes, mediating different activities of cell proliferation and differentiation and tissue repair, as well as in the mechanisms of apoptosis and angiogenesis, or cell migration.
  • 358
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Obstructive and Non-Obstructive Azoospermia
Azoospermia (no sperm in ejaculate), a severe form of male infertility, affects around 1% of men globally. It may be caused by many factors, including blockage of the reproductive tract, hormonal disbalances, ejaculation problems or issues with spermatogenic epithelium or testicular function.
  • 215
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Fabrication Methods for Composite Films/Coatings
Chitin is made by joining N-acetyl glucosamine residues through β (1–4) glycosidic linkages and is the second-most prevalent natural polysaccharide after cellulose. Chitosan and its derivatives exhibit anti-hypoxic, adaptogenic, immunostimulant, antiviral, antibacterial, radioprotective, and hemostatic properties. In addition, they are nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable.
  • 476
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Duration of Menstrual Blood Loss
The duration of bleeding is not necessarily linked to the amount of loss but may be influenced by age, ethnicity, habitus, region and altitude of residence, dieting and stress. The onset of bleeding has been linked to declining steroid production by the corpus luteum. There remains considerable controversy around the extent of endometrial shedding at menstruation. This is likely to vary within and between women. The significance of a change from previous patterns, very short or prolonged bleeding, days of light loss or spotting before or after days of bleeding, or of bleed-free days that punctuate flow, remain poorly understood.
  • 206
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle-Mediated Drug Delivery in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) currently occupies the second rank in cancer-related global female deaths. Although consistent awareness and improved diagnosis have reduced mortality, late diagnosis and resistant response still limit the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs (CDs), leading to relapse with consequent invasion and metastasis. Treatment with CDs is indeed well-versed but it is badly curtailed with accompanying side effects and inadequacies of site-specific drug delivery. As a result, drug carriers ensuring stealth delivery and sustained drug release with improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution are urgently needed. Core–shell mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) have been a cornerstone in this context, attributed to their high surface area, low density, robust functionalization, high drug loading capacity, size–shape-controlled functioning, and homogeneous shell architecture, enabling stealth drug delivery.
  • 290
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cenobamate and Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
Cenobamate (CNB), ([(R)-1-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2H-tetrazol-2-yl)ethyl], is a novel tetrazole alkyl carbamate derivative. In November 2019, the Food and Drug Administration approved Xcopri®, marketed by SK Life Science Inc., (Paramus, NJ, USA) for adult focal seizures. The European Medicines Agency approved Ontozry® by Arvelle Therapeutics Netherlands B.V.(Amsterdam, The Neatherlands) in March 2021. Cenobamate is a medication that could potentially change the perspectives regarding the management and prognosis of refractory epilepsy.
  • 370
  • 02 Aug 2023
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