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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Non-Conventional Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as arterial hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, etc., still represent the main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. They significantly modify the patients’ quality of life with a tremendous economic impact. It is well established that cardiovascular risk factors increase the probability of fatal and non-fatal cardiac events. These risk factors are classified into modifiable (smoking, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL cholesterol, diabetes, excessive alcohol consumption, high-fat and high-calorie diet, reduced physical activity) and non-modifiable (sex, age, family history, of previous cardiovascular disease).
  • 229
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms and Physiological Functions of Osteopontin
The biological functions of osteopontin (OPN) are diverse and specific to physiological and pathophysiological conditions implicated in inflammation, biomineralization, cardiovascular diseases, cellular viability, cancer, diabetes, and renal stone disease. OPN influences the immune system and is a chemo-attractive protein correlated with respiratory disease severity. There is evidence that OPN can advance the disease stage associated with its fibrotic, inflammatory, and immune functions.
  • 253
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Role of Allogeneic Transplantation in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), granting patients a life expectancy close to that of the normal population and, in a subset of patients, the possibility to discontinue therapy. Nonetheless, for a not negligible minority of patients, TKIs are not able to control CML. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has long been a pivotal therapy for CML. At present, allogeneic HCT is considered an option in CML patients diagnosed or progressing to blast phase (BP), for those in chronic phase (CP) resistant to multiple lines of TKI therapy or for those experiencing severe toxicity, mostly hematologic, under TKIs.
  • 251
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Role of FDG-PET in Evaluation of Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic skin disorder characterized by nodules, comedones, and sinus tracts that often leave prominent scarring. Non-invasive imaging techniques have been used to assess the inflammatory activity, vascularization, and treatment response of lesions. Specifically, fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) scans may aid in identifying systemic inflammation in patients with HS, improving diagnosis. Inflamed hypermetabolic tissues exhibit a greater uptake of FDG due to increased glucose uptake and vascularity.
  • 288
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Oligodendrocyte and Myelin Energy Metabolism in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration. Oligodendrocytes play a vital role in maintaining the integrity of myelin, the protective sheath around nerve fibres essential for efficient signal transmission. 
  • 271
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress for Optic Nerve Diseases
Glaucoma is the most prevalent optic nerve disease worldwide. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of optic nerve diseases such as glaucoma, Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION). Imbalances between reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generation and antioxidant systems lead to reactive species overproduction, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) insufficiency, irreversible cellular injuries, and ultimately retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss.
  • 351
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Blood-Based Biomarkers in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Diagnosis
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease consistently associated with repetitive traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), which makes multiple professions, such as contact sports athletes and the military, especially susceptible to its onset. There are currently no approved biomarkers to diagnose CTE, thus it can only be confirmed through a post-mortem brain autopsy. Several imaging and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers have shown promise in the diagnosis. However, blood-based biomarkers can be more easily obtained and quantified, increasing their clinical feasibility and potential for prophylactic use. 
  • 995
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
PPAR-γ (NR1C3) in the Skin and Immune System
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by the accumulation of red, scaly plaques on the skin. PPAR-γ (NR1C3) is one of three known isotypes of PPAR receptors. Two other isotypes, namely PPAR-α (NR1C1) and -β/δ (NR1C2), are highly homologous to PPAR-γ. The activation of PPAR-γ promotes cell differentiation, reduces the proliferation rate, and modulates the immune response. In the skin, PPARs also contribute to the functioning of the skin barrier.
  • 207
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Red Blood Cell Diseases
Red cell diseases encompass a group of inherited or acquired erythrocyte disorders that affect the structure, function, or production of red blood cells (RBCs). These disorders can lead to various clinical manifestations, including anemia, hemolysis, inflammation, and impaired oxygen-carrying capacity. Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant defense mechanisms, plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of red cell diseases.
  • 245
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
PPAR Agonists in Current Clinical Trials against NASH
The number of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is increasing globally and is raising serious concerns regarding the increasing medical and economic burden incurred for their treatment. The progression of NASH to more severe conditions such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma requires liver transplantation to avoid death. Therefore, therapeutic intervention is required in the NASH stage, although no therapeutic drugs are currently available for this. Several anti-NASH candidate drugs have been developed that enable treatment via the modulation of distinct signaling cascades and include a series of drugs targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subtypes (PPARα/δ/γ) that are considered to be attractive because they can regulate both systemic lipid metabolism and inflammation. 
  • 172
  • 29 Aug 2023
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