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Topic Review
Post-Stroke Aphasia Therapies
Aphasia is an acquired language disorder (derived from the Greek word “afaˈsia”) that affects spoken and/or written language resulting from brain injury (e.g., stroke). Four categories of aphasia interventions, either in isolation or combined, have been explored over the years: (1) pharmacological therapies (i.e., growth factors, monoclonal antibodies, cell-based therapies, and drugs); (2) behavioral (SALT); (3) additional therapeutic approaches (e.g., technological aids); and (4) non-invasive brain stimulation-based therapies (NIBST) (i.e., Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)).
  • 149
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Regulation of Signaling Pathways by Selenium in Cancer
Selenium is an essential, naturally occurring trace mineral element, implicated in a diverse set of biological processes that impact health and disease. Supplementing chemotherapy and radiotherapy with selenium has been shown to have benefits against various cancers. This approach has also been shown to alleviate the side effects associated with standard cancer therapies and improve the quality of life in patients.
  • 294
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Aortic and Visceral Aneurysms
Aortic and visceral aneurysms affect large arterial vessels, including the thoracic and abdominal aorta, as well as visceral arterial branches, such as the splenic, hepatic, and mesenteric arteries, respectively. 
  • 213
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Nigella sativa on Obesity
Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic and its prevalence continues to increase at an alarming rate. It is considered a major risk factor for the development of several comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, stroke, other cardiovascular diseases and even cancer. Conventional treatments for obesity, such as dietary interventions, exercise and pharmacotherapy, have proven to have limited effectiveness and are often associated with undesirable side effects. Therefore, there is a growing interest in exploring alternative therapeutic approaches. Nigella sativa (NS), a medicinal plant with multiple pharmacological properties, has gained attention due to its potential role in the treatment of obesity and its associated complications. 
  • 352
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hormone Levels and Mental Health Conditions
Estrogens and progesterone have numerous effects, including promoting neuroplasticity, influencing both structural and functional changes, and being associated with emotional processing, mood and cognitive disorders. Mental health conditions, however, are complex and can be influenced by various factors, such as genetics, infections, and hormonal disorders.
  • 161
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Sirtuin-Induced Autophagy in Cardiovascular Diseases
Sirtuins belong to the class III histone deacetylases and possess nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase activity. They are involved in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways implicated in cardiovascular diseases. Autophagy is a crucial adaptive cellular response to stress stimuli. Mounting evidence suggests a strong correlation between Sirtuins and autophagy, potentially involving cross-regulation and crosstalk. Sirtuin-mediated autophagy plays a crucial regulatory role in some cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, hypertension, heart failure, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and drug-induced myocardial damage.
  • 284
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of Oxidative Stress in Acute Kidney Injury
Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease are among the most common non-communicable diseases in the developed world, with increasing prevalence. Patients with acute kidney injury are at an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease. One of kidney injury’s most common clinical sequelae is increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Nnew insights into the pathophysiology of renal damage have been made. Oxidative stress is the imbalance favoring the increased generation of ROS and/or reduced body’s innate antioxidant defense mechanisms and is of pivotal importance, not only in the development and progression of kidney disease but also in understanding the enhanced cardiovascular risk in these patients.
  • 186
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Unraveling the Wide Spectrum of Melanoma Biomarkers
The use of biomarkers in medicine has become essential in clinical practice in order to help with diagnosis, prognostication and prediction of treatment response. Since Alexander Breslow’s original report on “melanoma and prognostic values of thickness”, providing the first biomarker for melanoma, many promising new biomarkers have followed. These include serum markers, such as lactate dehydrogenase and S100 calcium-binding protein B. However, as our understanding of the DNA mutational profile progresses, new gene targets and proteins have been identified. These include point mutations, such as mutations of the BRAF gene and tumour suppressor gene tP53. At present, only a small number of the available biomarkers are being utilised, but this may soon change as more studies are published. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of melanoma biomarkers and their utility for current and, potentially, future clinical practice.
  • 208
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy Analysis for Glioma Diagnosis
Gliomas are the most common primary tumors within the central nervous system (CNS), known for their significant genetic and epigenetic diversity, difficulties in monitoring, and elevated rates of relapse and mortality. Traditional tissue biopsy has long been the standard method for collecting and analyzing tumor cells, facilitating diagnosis, categorization of tumor subtypes, and prognosis prediction when the tumor's location is confirmed for surgical removal. Nonetheless, this approach is invasive and often challenging, making it unsuitable for routine patient screening, mutation detection, disease monitoring, or therapy resistance assessment. Consequently, a minimally invasive alternative known as liquid biopsy has emerged, providing a simpler means of tumor sampling and continuous monitoring. Liquid biopsy is increasingly recognized as an innovative and preferred method for obtaining rapid insights into potential tumor risk, personalized diagnosis, prognosis, and recurrence assessment.
  • 207
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune inflammatory disease that causes demyelination of the white matter of the central nervous system. It is generally accepted that the etiology of MS is multifactorial and believed to be a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and infectious agents. 
  • 446
  • 20 Sep 2023
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