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Topic Review
DHA and AA in Neuronal Development and Function
The role of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in neurogenesis and brain development throughout the life cycle is fundamental. DHA and AA are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) vital for many human physiological processes, such as signaling pathways, gene expression, structure and function of membranes, among others. DHA and AA can modulate neuronal function by influencing: (i) the physical properties of neuronal membranes by modulating ion channels and vesicular transport for endo/exocytosis of membrane-bound proteins; (ii) signal transduction, by modulating G protein-mediated second messenger systems; and (iii) gene expression, through direct binding to transcription factors or through the regulation of signaling cascades by eicosanoids derived from AA and DHA-derived docosanoids. In this sense, DHA and AA are crucial for the metabolism, growth, and differentiation of neurons.
  • 337
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Prostate Cancer Progression and Metastasis
Prostate cancer (CaP) is one of the most prevalent male malignancies, accounting for a considerable number of annual mortalities. However, the prompt identification of early-stage CaP often faces delays due to diverse factors, including socioeconomic inequalities. 
  • 137
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase in Central Nervous System
The dysregulated activation of nNOS in neurons is critical in the development of different conditions affecting the SNC. An excessive production of NO by nNOS is responsible for a number of proteins’ posttranslational modifications (PTMs) which can lead to aberrant biochemical pathways, impairing the SNC functions. Researchers briefly revised the main implications of the dysregulated nNOS activation in the progression of the most prevalent CNS diseases, suggesting that compounds able to modulate the nNOS activity could be  promising therapeutics to tackle different neuronal pathologic conditions.
  • 346
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Candida in Oral Malignancy
Candida albicans is a commensal fungal species that commonly colonizes the human body, but it is also a pervasive opportunistic pathogen in patients with malignant diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that this fungus is not only coincidental in oncology patients, but may also play an active role in the development of cancer. More specifically, several studies have investigated the potential association between C. albicans and various types of cancer, including oral, esophageal, and colorectal cancer, with a possible role of this species in skin cancer as well. The proposed mechanisms include the production of carcinogenic metabolites, modulation of the immune response, changes in cell morphology, microbiome alterations, biofilm production, the activation of oncogenic signaling pathways, and the induction of chronic inflammation. These mechanisms may act together or independently to promote cancer development.
  • 333
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Interrelationships between Diabetes, Anxiety, and Depression
Anxiety and depression have become widespread mental disorders identified by cognition, mood, and attitude variations that significantly impact an individual’s well-being and daily life. Depression disorders have been estimated at approximately 17%, while the prevalence of anxiety disorders is about 29%. Considerable evidence confirms that mental health disorders enhance appetite and cravings and decrease motivation for physical activity. Furthermore, high sugar intake has been associated with depression and anxiety in numerous cross-sectional and observational studies. Along the same lines, research studies have identified a link between the intake of refined carbohydrates and circulating inflammatory markers and their impact on mental health.
  • 289
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Gut Microbiome, Immunity, and Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a common inflammatory skin disease affecting 7–10% of adults and up to 25% of young children.
  • 228
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Nitric Oxide of Human Longevity and Health Span
The master molecular regulators and mechanisms determining longevity and health span include nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion radicals (SOR). L-arginine, the NO synthase (NOS) substrate, can restore a healthy ratio between the dangerous SOR and the protective NO radical to promote healthy aging. Antioxidant supplementation orchestrates protection against oxidative stress and damage—L-arginine and antioxidants such as vitamin C increase NO production and bioavailability. Uncoupling of NO generation with the appearance of SOR can be induced by asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). L-arginine can displace ADMA from the site of NO formation if sufficient amounts of the amino acid are available. Antioxidants such as ascorbic acids can scavenge SOR and increase the bioavailability of NO.
  • 218
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Migraine and Diets
Migraine ranks among the most prevalent neurological conditions, is a major cause of socio-economic and health problems worldwide, and affects approximately 12% of the population. Repeated migraine attacks can make sufferers physically, mentally, and socially incapacitated for several days. Nutrition and dietary triggers may be an important factor in migraine prevention since it is known that migraine attacks can be triggered by certain dietary compounds.
  • 290
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Expression and Regulation of INPP5D in  Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, accounting for approximately 38.5 million cases of all-cause dementia. Microglial cells, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), have long been established as guardians of the brain by providing neuroprotection and maintaining cellular homeostasis. A protein with a myriad of effects on various important signaling pathways that is expressed in microglia is the Src Homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing Inositol 5′ Phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) protein. Encoded by the INPP5D (Inositol Polyphosphate-5-Phosphatase D) gene, SHIP1 has diminutive effects on most microglia signaling processes. Polymorphisms of the INPP5D gene have been found to be associated with a significantly increased risk of AD.
  • 369
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Liver Liquid Biopsy in MASH Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma
A liver liquid biopsy (LLBx) is a minimally invasive test that measures liver-originated by-products in plasma, i.e., proteins, circulating tumor cells, cell-free RNA, metabolomic markers, microRNA, and extracellular vesicles that precede morphological liver changes during the progression/regression of a benign or malignant liver disease process. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is known for its poor prognosis, probably because >50% of patients are diagnosed at a late stage. Early diagnosis is critical for having access to effective therapeutic options such as liver resection or liver transplantation as well as locoregional radio-ablative therapies, i.e., transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and Yttrium-90 trans arterial radioembolization (Y90).
  • 231
  • 09 Oct 2023
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