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Topic Review
Folic Acid in Maternal, Perinatal, and Paediatric Health
Folates refer to a class of B9 vitamers with a basic structure composed of heterocyclic pteridine moiety covalently linked via a C9-N10 methylene bridge to p-aminobenzoylglutamate. Auxotrophic primates like human beings rely on exogenous dietary vitamin B9 supplementation to meet their metabolic demands. Folates play a crucial role in nucleotide synthesis and DNA methylation. Maternal folate deficiency causes several pregnancy-related complications, perinatal defects, and early childhood cognitive impairments.
  • 182
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Limb Salvage and Survival in Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia
Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) represents the end-stage form of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and is associated with a very poor prognosis and high risk of limb loss and mortality. It can be considered very similar to a terminal cancer disease, reflecting a large impact on quality of life and healthcare costs.
  • 255
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Second-Generation Lipophosphonoxins and Their Applications
Lipophosphonoxins (LPPOs) represent a new group of membrane-targeting antibiotics. Three generations of LPPOs have been described: First-generation LPPOs, second-generation LPPOs, and LEGO-LPPOs. All three generations have a similar mode of bactericidal action of targeting and disrupting the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotic cells, with limited effect on eukaryotic cells. Second-generation LPPOs broaden the antibiotic effect also against Gram-negative bacteria. However, both first- and second-generation LPPOs lose their antibacterial activity in the presence of serum albumin. Second-generation LPPOs have been studied as antimicrobial additives in bone cement and as nanofiber dressing components in the treatment of wound infections in mice. 
  • 153
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Stewardship in Emergency Department
Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship programs in antibiotic consumption and minimizing multi-drug-resistant bacterium development, the characteristics of emergency departments pose a challenge to their implementation. The inclusion of rapid diagnostic tests, tracking microbiological results upon discharge, conducting audits with feedback, and implementing multimodal educational interventions have proven to be effective tools for optimizing antibiotic use in these units.
  • 265
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Use of 3D Spheroid Models in Different Cancers
Advanced tissue engineering processes and regenerative medicine provide modern strategies for fabricating three-dimensional (3D) spheroids. Several different 3D cancer models are being developed to study a variety of cancers. Three-dimensional spheroids can correctly replicate some features of solid tumors (such as the secretion of soluble mediators, drug resistance mechanisms, gene expression patterns and physiological responses) better than 2D cell cultures or animal models. Tumor spheroids are also helpful for precisely reproducing the three-dimensional organization and microenvironmental factors of tumors. Because of these unique properties, the potential of 3D cell aggregates has been emphasized, and they have been utilized in in vitro models for the detection of novel anticancer drugs. 
  • 246
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Sarcoidosis-Associated PH  According to the Predominant Pathophysiological Mechanism
Sarcoidosis has been a well-recognised risk factor for pulmonary hypertension (PH) for a long time, but still, the knowledge about this concatenation is incomplete. Sarcoidosis-associated PH (SAPH) is an uncommon but serious complication associated with increased morbidity and mortality among sarcoidosis patients. 
  • 215
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Nasal Nitric Oxide in Children
Nasal nitric oxide (nNO) is a gas synthesized by the inducible and constitutive NO synthase (NOS) enzyme in the airway cells of the nasal mucosa. Like lung nitric oxide, it is thought to be associated with airway inflammation in various respiratory diseases in children. 
  • 268
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
PTEN and Cancer
The PTEN gene is an important and well-characterised tumour suppressor, known to be altered in many cancer types. Interestingly, the effect of the loss or mutation of PTEN is not dichotomous, and small changes in PTEN cellular levels can promote cancer development.
  • 241
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Management of Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Adult Patients
Hyperglycemia (blood glucose > 140 mg/dL or 7.8 mmol/L) in hospitalized patients without a history of diabetes is defined as stress hyperglycemia, and is reported in 32.2% of critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs) and 30% of noncritically ill hospitalized patients. Hyperglycemia alters immune response by inhibiting chemotaxis and phagocytosis. It affects the bactericidal ability of immune cells by decreasing the production of superoxide radicals. Hyperglycemia also induces osmotic diuresis, endothelial injury, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which can lead to shock and multiple organ failure in hospitalized patients.
  • 234
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Seaweed as a Marine Source for Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Inflammation is a defense mechanism of the body in response to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells, toxic compounds or radiation. However, chronic inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. Marine organisms produce a broad spectrum of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory activities. Several are considered as lead compounds for development into drugs. Anti-inflammatory compounds have been extracted from algae, corals, seaweeds and other marine organisms. Seaweed is a popular food source rich in bioactive compounds, polysaccharides, fatty acids, peptides, proteins and vitamins. Seaweeds have several potential therapeutic activities, including anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-cancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.
  • 338
  • 18 Oct 2023
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