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Topic Review
Bioavailability of Mature miRNAs in Digestive System
The endogenous miRNAs of breast milk are the products of more than 1000 nonprotein-coding genes, giving rise to mature small regulatory molecules of 19–25 nucleotides. They are incorporated in macromolecular complexes, loaded on Argonaute proteins, sequestrated in exosomes and lipid complexes, or present in exfoliated cells of epithelial, endothelial, or immune origins. Their expression is dependent on the stage of lactation; however, their detection depends on progress in RNA sequencing and the reappraisal of the definition of small RNAs. Some miRNAs from plants are detected in breast milk, opening the possibility of the stimulation of immune cells from the allergy repertoire. Each miRNA harbors a seeding sequence, which targets mRNAs, gene promoters, or long noncoding RNAs. Their activities depend on their bioavailability. Efficient doses of miRNAs are estimated to be roughly 100 molecules in the cytoplasm of target cells from in vitro and in vivo experiments. Each miRNA is included in networks of stimulation/inhibition/sequestration, driving the expression of cellular phenotypes. Three types of stress applied during lactation to manipulate miRNA supply were explored using rodent offspring: a foster mother, a cafeteria diet, and early weaning.
  • 241
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Blood-Based Biomarkers in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
It is estimated that 90% of brain injuries fall into the category of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Mild TBI and concussion can have heterogeneous symptoms and serious consequences that develop over time with unpredictable levels of recovery. The diagnosis may not be made for multiple reasons, including due to patient hesitancy to undergo neuroimaging and inability of imaging to detect minimal damage. Biomarkers of nerve damage measured in blood plasma are increasingly promising as the sensitivity and accuracy of quantification improves. These biomarkers could fill the gap, making detection, diagnosis and prognosis easier and more precise, but the time needed to send blood to a laboratory for analysis made this impractical until point-of-care measurement became available. A handheld blood test is now on the market for diagnosis of concussion based on the specific blood biomarkers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1). Other blood biomarker assays are in development. 
  • 380
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers for Immunotherapy in Driver-Gene-Negative Advanced NSCLC
Outcome improvement in patients with driver-gene-negative advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been significantly enhanced through targeting the immune system, specifically the PD-L1/PD-1 axis. Nevertheless, only a subset of patients with advanced NSCLC may derive benefits from immuno-monotherapy or immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy. Hence, in order to identify patients who will gain the maximum advantage from immunotherapy, it is crucial to investigate predictive biomarkers.
  • 129
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Exercise on Vascular Health
Accelerated biological vascular ageing is still a major driver of the increasing burden of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Exercise training delays this process, known as early vascular ageing, but often lacks effectiveness due to a lack of understanding of molecular and clinical adaptations to specific stimuli. 
  • 173
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Novel Technologies in the Assessment of Patellofemoral Pain
Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common clinical condition especially in the young active population. It refers to pain during activities behind or around the patella and has a gradual onset with increased frequency or duration. The literature for PFP reports concerns for the high incidence, prevalence numbers, disability levels, and poor prognosis. 
  • 155
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Anatomy and Barriers of Ocular Drug Delivery
Ocular diseases profoundly impact patients’ vision and overall quality of life globally. However, effective ocular drug delivery presents formidable challenges within clinical pharmacology and biomaterial science, primarily due to the intricate anatomical and physiological barriers unique to the eye.
  • 170
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Postpartum Depression
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a disorder that impairs the formation of the relationship between mother and child, and reduces the quality of life for affected women to a functionally significant degree. Studying markers associated with PPD can help in early detection, prevention, or monitoring treatment. 
  • 230
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Outcomes in Persons with Dementia
Dementia is an umbrella terms that encapsulated a number of neurodegenerative, irreversibly progressive disorders that are marked by cognitive decline and a steady reduction in everyday function, and it is typically accompanied by behavioral issues. 
  • 200
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mechanism of Chronic Pelvic Pain in Endometriosis
Endometriosis, which is the presence of endometrial stroma and glands outside the uterus, is one of the most frequently diagnosed gynecologic diseases in reproductive women. Patients with endometriosis suffer from various pain symptoms such as dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and chronic pelvic pain. The pathophysiology for chronic pain in patients with endometriosis has not been fully understood. Altered inflammatory responses have been shown to contribute to pain symptoms.
  • 145
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Development of the Microbiome in Preterm Neonates
Researchers have established that the preterm neonate is born with an immature gastrointestinal tract. The preterm neonate is thus susceptible to various complications often seen in the neonatal intensive care unit, e.g., feeding intolerances, necrotizing enterocolitis, and hospital-acquired bloodstream infections. These complications can be life-threatening, and if survived, can have an unfavorable effect on the neonate’s growth and development.
  • 159
  • 13 Nov 2023
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