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Topic Review
Microwave Ablation Techniques for Pancreatic Lesions
Thermal ablation is increasingly being utilized for the management of solid parenchymal tumors, such as hepatocellular cancer, renal tumors, thyroid nodules, and pulmonary tumors. However, its application in the management of pancreas lesions was delayed due to fears of causing iatrogenic thermal injury to the surrounding organs. The initial success of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in inoperable pancreatic cancers led to its application in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCLs).
  • 169
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Endoscopy is an essential tool supporting inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis, and ileocolonoscopy is essential to the diagnostic process because it allows for histological sampling. A decent description of endoscopic lesions may lead to a correct final diagnosis up to 89% of the time. Moreover, endoscopy is key to evaluating endoscopic severity, which in both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis is associated with worse disease outcomes (e.g., more frequent advanced therapy requirements or more frequent hospitalizations and surgeries). Endoscopic severity should be reported according to validated endoscopic scores, such as the Mayo endoscopic subscore (MES) or the ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity (UCEIS) for ulcerative colitis, the Rutgeerts score for postoperative Crohn’s recurrence, and the Crohn’s disease endoscopic index of severity (CDEIS) or the simplified endoscopic score for Crohn’s disease (SES-CD) for luminal Crohn’s disease activity. 
  • 245
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Zinc Functions
Zinc is a structural component of proteins, functions as a catalytic co-factor in DNA synthesis and transcription of hundreds of enzymes, and has a regulatory role in protein–DNA interactions of zinc-finger proteins.
  • 388
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Seronegative Rheumatoid Arthritis
Seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (SNRA) is characterized by the absence of both rheumatoid factor (RF) and antibodies against the cyclic citrullinated protein (ACPA) in serum.
  • 198
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Substance P and NK1 Receptors in TBI
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an acquired insult to the brain caused by external mechanical impact and/or acceleration forces that result in transient or permanent neurological dysfunction. Substance P is a member of the tachykinin protein family whose neuronal release after TBI plays a critical role in TBI pathophysiology, including the development of post-traumatic oedema, increased intracranial pressure, neuroinflammation, neuronal cell death, and neurodegeneration. Because substance P release after TBI is dependent on the intensity and frequency of injury-related mechanical stimulation, the degree and anatomical distribution of substance P receptor activation after TBI will vary with injury severity and frequency, resulting in different outcomes for different injuries.
  • 191
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia worldwide and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. It has a global prevalence of approximately 0.51%, increasing to 10–17% in those over age 80. AF is characterised by ectopic depolarisations, which lead to asynchronous atrial contractions and irregular ventricular activity
  • 208
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Glutamate and GABA Dysfunction in Depression
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a term used to describe a particular type of major depressive disorder (MDD). There is no consensus about what defines TRD, with various studies describing between 1 and 4 failures of antidepressant therapies, with or without electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). That is why TRD is such a growing concern among clinicians and researchers, and it explains the necessity for investigating novel therapeutic targets beyond conventional monoamine pathways. An imbalance between two primary central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitters, L-glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has emerged as having a key role in the pathophysiology of TRD.
  • 392
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Humoral Memory Response to Snakebites in Yanomami Population
Snakebite envenomation (SBE)-induced immunity refers to individuals who have been previously bitten by a snake and developed a protective immune response against subsequent envenomations. The notion stems from observations of individuals, including in the indigenous population, who present only mild signs and symptoms after surviving multiple SBEs. Indeed, these observations have engendered scientific interest and prompted inquiries into the potential development of a protective immunity from exposure to snake toxins.
  • 167
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Global Cardiac Surgery
Cardiac surgery is a modern science in the history of medicine. The impact of cardiac disease, in terms of treatment and prognosis, has made this discipline indispensable to global health. Greatest investment has been dispensed to technological and material improvements to increase life expectancy. This surgery must address different epidemiological aspects dictated by the geography and economic–social conditions of the global populations. 
  • 157
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Virology of Phages and Phage-Resistance in Therapy
Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are prokaryotic viruses that exclusively infect and kill bacteria. Phage therapy has been overshadowed in the past by the widespread use of antibiotics in Western countries. However, it has been revitalized as a powerful approach due to the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Although bacterial resistance to phages has been reported in clinical cases, studies on the fitness trade-offs between phage and antibiotic resistance have revealed new avenues in the field of phage therapy.
  • 250
  • 15 Nov 2023
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