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Topic Review
Oral Microbiome in Systemic Pathologic Conditions
The human being is defined as a ‘superorganism’ since it is made up of its own cells and microorganisms that reside inside and outside the human body. Commensal microorganisms, which are even ten times more numerous than the cells present in the body, perform very important functions for the host, as they contribute to the health of the host, resist pathogens, maintain homeostasis, and modulate the immune system. In the mouth, there are different types of microorganisms, such as viruses, mycoplasmas, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protozoa, often organized in communities. Normal microbial flora was present in the oral cavity both in physiological conditions and in local pathological conditions and in the most widespread systemic pathologies. Furthermore, the therapeutic precautions that the clinician can follow in order to intervene on the change in the microbiome.
  • 216
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapies and Clinical Diagnosis
Timely diagnosis and appropriate antitumoral treatments remain of utmost importance, since cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Within this context, nanotechnology offers specific benefits in terms of cancer therapy by reducing its adverse effects and guiding drugs to selectively target cancer cells.
  • 307
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Risk Factors for NAFLD-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects up to a quarter of the adult population in many developed and developing countries. This spectrum of liver disease ranges from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. The incidence of NASH is projected to increase by up to 56% in the future. There is growing epidemiological evidence that NAFLD has become the fastest-growing cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in industrialized countries. The annual incidence of HCC varies between patients with NASH cirrhosis and patients with noncirrhotic NAFLD.
  • 181
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Applications of Amphetamine-like Psychostimulants
Amphetamine-type stimulants such as lisdexamphetamine dimesylate, mixed amphetamine salts, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), dextroamphetamine, and phentermine have been investigated for their potential in treating a range of psychiatric disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), drug dependence, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and obesity. Lisdexamphetamine dimesylate has shown promise in effectively treating ADHD symptoms in both children and adults. Additionally, it has been explored as a potential treatment for drug dependency and withdrawal, demonstrating encouraging results. Mixed amphetamine salts have also exhibited efficacy in reducing ADHD symptoms in adults.
  • 194
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Aptamers for Cancer Treatment
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most common lethal gynecologic cause of death in women worldwide, with a high mortality rate and increasing incidence. Despite advancements in the treatment, most OC patients still die from their disease due to late-stage diagnosis, the lack of effective diagnostic methods, and relapses. Aptamers, synthetic, short single-stranded oligonucleotides, have emerged as promising anticancer therapeutics. Their ability to selectively bind to target molecules, including cancer-related proteins and receptors, has revolutionized drug discovery and biomarker identification. Aptamers offer unique insights into the molecular pathways involved in cancer development and progression. Moreover, they show immense potential as drug delivery systems, enabling targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to cancer cells while minimizing off-target effects and reducing systemic toxicity. In the context of OC, the integration of aptamers with non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) presents an opportunity for precise and efficient gene targeting. 
  • 261
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids DHA and EPA
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) that includes myocardial infarction and stroke, is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the primary underlying cause of CVD, can be controlled by pharmacological and dietary interventions, including n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. n-3 PUFA supplementation, primarily consisting of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has shown promise in reducing atherosclerosis by modulating risk factors, including triglyceride levels and vascular inflammation.
  • 315
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Vaccine
The treatment of unresectable or metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) has traditionally relied on chemotherapy or radiotherapy, yielding suboptimal outcomes. The introduction of immunotherapy has significantly improved HNSCC treatment, even if the long-term results cannot be defined as satisfactory. Its mechanism of action aims to counteract the blockade of tumor immune escape. This result can also be obtained by stimulating the immune system with vaccines. 
  • 231
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Role of Fibrinogen, Homocysteine and MetS in SSHL
Fibrinogen and homocysteine (HCY) are molecules known to play a role in vascular homeostasis, and their blood levels are often elevated in patients with metabolic syndrome. Recent evidence suggests that sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) may have a vascular origin. This has led many authors to advocate that fibrinogen, homocysteine, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) may play a direct role in SSHL.
  • 243
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Interplay between Thyroid Disorders and T2DM
Thyroid disorders (TD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are the two endocrinopathies with the highest prevalence in the general population that frequently coexist. Thyroid dysfunction is more common in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to normoglycemic individuals. Untreated TD can impair glycemic control, increasing the risk of diabetes complications. Hyperinsulinemia can affect the morphology of the thyroid gland by promoting the proliferation of thyroid tissue and increasing the size of thyroid nodules. Metformin can confer benefits in both endocrinopathies, while other antidiabetics, such as sulfonylureas, can negatively affect thyroid function. 
  • 179
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Poly Adenosine Diphosphate-Ribose Polymerase for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
The integrity and stability of DNA in breast epithelial tissues are key factors in breast homeostasis. However, carcinogenesis is mostly initiated by DNA damage which is an ongoing process resulting from both endogenous (errors in replication) and exogenous (environmental) assaults to the human genome. Usually, cell repair mechanisms ensure that cells with damaged DNA undergo either repair or apoptosis. Therefore, inhibition of these processes can lead to a buildup of damaged DNA in cells, resulting in apoptosis or senescence of the tumor cells. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have been closely examined as one of the most exciting and promising “targeted” therapeutic strategies to treat advanced TNBC by preventing cancer cells from repairing themselves. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that 10–20% of total patients diagnosed with TNBC have a mutation in breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA)1 or (BRCA)2. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes that are associated with a hereditary predisposition to developing female breast cancer, but their pivotal role in the DNA damage response makes cancer cells harboring such mutations more sensitive to drugs eliciting DNA damage or interfering with DNA repair, such as PARP inhibitors.
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  • 23 Nov 2023
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