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Topic Review
Diagnostic Evaluation of Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disorder involving a heterogeneous group of medical conditions encompassing several cardiopulmonary illnesses.
  • 386
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Measurement of Retrobulbar Blood Flow and Vascular Reactivity
Abnormal retrobulbar hemodynamics have been linked to the development of various ocular diseases, including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. Additionally, altered retrobulbar blood flow has been observed in patients with severe cardiovascular diseases, including carotid artery occlusion, stroke, heart failure, and acute coronary syndrome.
  • 129
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Neural Network Applications in Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy is a component of the therapeutic options accessible in mental health. Along with psychotherapy techniques and indications, there is a body of studies on what are known as psychotherapy’s common factors. However, up to 40% of patients do not respond to therapy. Artificial intelligence approaches are hoped to enhance this and with the growing body of evidence of the use of neural networks (NNs) in other areas of medicine, this domain is lacking in the field of psychotherapy. 
  • 285
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Hedgehog Dermatophytosis
Pet hedgehogs, which are increasingly favoured companions, have garnered attention due to their potential as carriers of zoonotic diseases. These small insectivorous mammals, native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, are commonly kept as pets.
  • 266
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Rare Disease
The definition of rare disease (RD) varies across the world. There are about 296 definitions from 1109 organizations, most of which are explicitly or implicitly derived from prevalence thresholds. Such definitions are expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or the number of cases per population (whether that be from 10,000 or 100,000 people). Only a few countries consider a broader set of dimensions that are relevant from a healthcare policy perspective, capturing aspects of vulnerability and socioeconomic impact. This is, for example, the case in Thailand, where the RD definition used by the Universal Coverage Scheme is derived from a combination of a number of cases per population and a broader set of qualitative descriptors that include severity (defined by high morbidity and premature death); difficulties accessing adequate diagnosis, screening, treatment, and lifelong treatment; and high economic burdens on the family and society.
  • 166
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Leukemia Cutis
Leukemia cutis (LC) is defined as the leukemic infiltration of the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous tissue. Leukemia cutis may follow or occur simultaneously with the diagnosis of systemic leukemia. However, cutaneous lesions are occasionally diagnosed as the primary manifestation of leukemia. Leukemic skin infiltrations demonstrate considerable variation regarding a number of changes, distribution, and morphology. The highest incidence of LC is observed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, monocytic and myelomonocytic acute myeloid leukemia, and T-cell lineage leukemia. Leukemic skin lesions may be localized or disseminated and may occur alone or in combination on any site of the skin, most frequently in the trunk and extremities. The most common clinical presentations of leukemia cutis are papules, nodules, macules, plaques, and ulcers. In most patients, the complete or partial resolution of cutaneous infiltrations occurs simultaneously with hematologic remission. However, in patients with resistant disease or recurrent skin infiltration, local radiotherapy can be used. 
  • 189
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
p21-Activated Kinases and Therapeutical Responses
Angiogenesis has been associated with numbers of solid tumours. Anti-angiogenesis drugs starve tumours of nutrients and oxygen but also make it difficult for a chemo reagent to distribute into a tumour, leading to aggressive tumour growth. Anti-angiogenesis drugs do not appear to improve the overall survival rate of pancreatic cancer. Vessel normalisation is merging as one of the new approaches for halting tumour progression by facilitating the tumour infiltration of immune cells and the delivery of chemo reagents. Targeting p21-activated kinases (PAKs) in cancer has been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth and improve the efficacy of chemotherapy. Inhibition of PAK enhances anti-tumour immunity and stimulates the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockades.
  • 149
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Patient-Derived Xenografts
Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) have defined the field of translational cancer research, becoming one of the most-used tools in early drug development. The process of establishing cancer models in mice has turned out to be challenging, since little research focuses on evaluating which factors impact engraftment success. 
  • 201
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Longevity Protein Klotho as a Biomarker
Discovered in 1997, the klotho gene (KL) codes for a transmembrane protein mainly expressed in the kidneys and, in smaller quantities, in the brain, parathyroid glands, peripheral blood cells, and vascular tissues. The klotho protein has great potential to be used as a biological marker since a high serum level of klotho is associated with health and longevity.
  • 201
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Characterising a Pathogenic Microbiome
The process of microbiome development arguably begins before birth. Vertical transmission of bacteria from the mother to the infant is a keystone event in microbiome development. Subsequent to birth, the developing microbiome is vulnerable to influence from a wide range of factors. Additionally, the microbiome can influence the health and development of the host infant. This intricate interaction of the gastrointestinal microbiome and the host has been described as both symbiotic and dysbiotic. Defining these terms, a symbiotic microbiome is where the microbiome and host provide mutual benefit to each other. A pathogenic microbiome, or more precisely a gastrointestinal microbiome associated with disease, is increasing described as dysbiotic. 
  • 200
  • 04 Dec 2023
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