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Topic Review
Age-Associated Changes of Sirtuin 2 Expression
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), one of the seven members of the sirtuin family, has emerged as a potential regulator of aging and age-related pathologies since several studies have demonstrated that it shows age-related changes in humans and different animal models. A detailed analysis of the relevant works addressing this topic shows that the changes that occur in SIRT2 with aging seem to be opposite in the brain and in the periphery. 
  • 146
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Angiogenic Agents in Thymic Epithelial Tumor Treatment
Thymomas and thymic carcinomas are included in the rare group of cancers of the anterior mediastinum known as thymic epithelial tumors (TET). Their origin is the thymus’ epithelial cells. Anti-angiogenics have shown their potential efficacy in many solid tumors; however, their place in the treatment of thymic epithelial tumors (TET) comprising thymoma and thymic carcinoma (TC) is less clear. Angiogenesis significantly influences TET carcinogenesis. Both thymomas and TC overexpress VEGF-A and VEGFR-1 and -2.
  • 244
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Chronic Vestibular Syndromes including PPPD and MdDS
Overall, the clinical spectrum of vestibular migraine (VM) is broad, with patients describing a range of dizziness symptoms, accompanying symptoms and duration of attacks. When dizziness symptoms become more prolonged, they merge with other chronic vestibular syndromes such as persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) and mal de débarquement syndrome (MdDS).
  • 561
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Gastro-Esophageal Junction Precancerosis
A diagnosis of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) requires the macroscopic visualization of gastric-appearing mucosa in the esophagus and the identification of intestinal metaplasia on histologic examination. Histologic diagnosis of BE dysplasia can be challenging due to sampling error, pathologists’ experience, interobserver variation, and difficulty in histologic interpretation: all these problems complicate patient management.
  • 109
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cannabinoids as Modulators of Nrf2 Pathway
The development and progression of cancer are associated with the dysregulation of multiple pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival, as well as dysfunction in redox balance, immune response, and inflammation. The master antioxidant pathway, known as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, regulates the cellular defense against oxidative stress and inflammation, making it a promising cancer prevention and treatment target. Cannabinoids have demonstrated anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties, affecting signaling pathways, including Nrf2.
  • 248
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Management of Acute Liver Failure
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare and specific form of severe hepatic dysfunction characterized by coagulopathy and hepatic encephalopathy in a patient with no known liver disease. ALF carries a high morbidity and mortality. Careful attention should be given to hemodynamics and metabolic parameters along with the active surveillance of infections. Timely transfer and supportive management are important in an intensive care unit in a liver transplant center. Identifying patients who will and will not improve with medical management and may need emergent liver transplantation is critical.
  • 108
  • 14 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy across the Spectrum of Ventricular Involvement
Improved disease recognition through family screening and increased life expectancy with appropriate sudden cardiac death prevention has increased the burden of heart failure in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM). Heart failure management guidelines are well established but primarily focus on left ventricle function. A significant proportion of patients with ACM have predominant or isolated right ventricle (RV) dysfunction. Management of RV dysfunction in ACM lacks evidence but requires special considerations across the spectrum of heart failure regarding the initial diagnosis, subsequent management, monitoring for progression, and end-stage disease management. 
  • 183
  • 14 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Chronic Orofacial Pain
In exploring chronic orofacial pain (COFP), it's very important to highlight its global impact on life quality and critiques current diagnostic systems, including the ICD-11, ICOP, and ICHD-3, for their limitations in addressing COFP’s complexity. The mismanagement of pain not only leads to severe physical, psychological, and social repercussions but also incurs substantial economic costs, both in terms of healthcare expenditure and lost productivity.
  • 103
  • 14 Dec 2023
Topic Review
General Characteristics and Nephroprotective Properties of Salvia Genus
The study of medicinal plants is important, as they are the natural reserve of potent biologically active compounds. With wide use in traditional medicine and the inclusion of several species (as parts and as a whole plant) in pharmacopeia, species from the genus Salvia L. are known for the broad spectrum of their biological activities. Studies suggest that these plants possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiangiogenic, hepatoprotective, cognitive and memory-enhancing effects. Phenolic acids, terpenoids and flavonoids are important phytochemicals, which are primarily responsible for the medicinal activity of Salvia L.
  • 418
  • 14 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Microbiome-Directed Therapies
Loss of commensal microbiota and excessive growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria are the main features of the gut microbiota in critically ill adult patients. Gut microbiota imbalance can increase the risk of secondary infection, immunosuppression, and even organ dysfunction, leading to an increased incidence of opportunistic infections and sepsis, aggravated various target organ damage, and worsened patient condition. Additionally, even after recovery from sepsis, the slow recolonization of patients’ normal microbiota may lead to long-term immunosuppression and poor prognosis. Therefore, different strategies related to the gut microbiota, such as using probiotics and prebiotics alone or in combination (synthetic preparations,) have been proposed in order to prevent the further growth of pathogens and improve the outcomes of critically ill patients.
  • 208
  • 14 Dec 2023
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