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Topic Review
Role of POMC Derivatives in Cardiovascular Function
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a significant contributor to CVD-related mortality. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for MI. Stress activates the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis), sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and endogenous OPS. These pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) derivatives increase the blood glucose and cardiovascular response by inhibiting the PI3K/AkT insulin signaling pathway and increasing cardiac contraction. Sustained activation of the POMC derivatives may lead to developing myocardial infarction. Suffering from T2DM and stress increases the risk of developing CVD. T2DM is preceded by prediabetes, which is a state of blood glucose level being above normal but below the level of T2DM diagnosis. Research has shown that T2DM-related complications begin during prediabetes; therefore, there is a possibility of the dysregulation of the POMC derivatives during prediabetes and pathways that could lead to myocardial infarction.
  • 90
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Effects of Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy on Epigenome
Worldwide, diabetes mellitus represents a growing health problem. If it occurs during pregnancy, it can increase the risk of various abnormalities in early and advanced life stages of exposed individuals due to fetal programming occurring in utero.
  • 111
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Adipokines in the Control of Pituitary Functions
The pituitary gland is a key endocrine gland in all classes of vertebrates, including mammals. The pituitary gland is an important component of hypothalamus–pituitary–target organ hormonal regulatory axes and forms a functional link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. In response to hypothalamic stimuli, the pituitary gland secretes a number of hormones involved in the regulation of metabolism, stress reactions and environmental adaptation, growth and development, as well as reproductive processes and lactation. In turn, hormones secreted by target organs at the lowest levels of the hormonal regulatory axes regulate the functions of the pituitary gland in the process of hormonal feedback. The pituitary also responds to other peripheral signals, including adipose-tissue-derived factors. These substances are a broad group of peptides known as adipocytokines or adipokines that act as endocrine hormones mainly involved in energy homeostasis. Adipokines, including adiponectin, resistin, apelin, chemerin, visfatin, and irisin, are also expressed in the pituitary gland, and they influence the secretory functions of this gland.
  • 89
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Metabolic Therapeutic Approaches in Cancer and Type-2 Diabetes
Dysregulated metabolic dynamics are evident in both cancer and diabetes, with metabolic alterations representing a facet of the myriad changes observed in these conditions. The Warburg phenomenon, characterized by the prevalence of aerobic glycolysis over minimal to no oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), emerges as the predominant metabolic phenotype in cancer. Conversely, type 2 diabetes (T2D), the prevailing metabolic paradigm has traditionally been perceived in terms of discrete irregularities rather than a shift from OXPHOS to glycolysis. Throughout T2D pathogenesis, OXPHOS remains consistently heightened due to chronic hyperglycemia or hyperinsulinemia. In advanced insulin resistance and T2D, the metabolic landscape becomes more complex, featuring differential tissue-specific alterations that affect OXPHOS. Recent findings suggest that addressing the metabolic imbalance in both cancer and diabetes could offer an effective treatment strategy. Numerous pharmaceutical and nutritional modalities exhibiting therapeutic effects in both conditions ultimately modulate the OXPHOS-glycolysis axis. Noteworthy nutritional adjuncts, such as alpha-lipoic acid, flavonoids, and glutamine, demonstrate the ability to reprogram metabolism, exerting anti-tumor and anti-diabetic effects. Similarly, pharmacological agents like metformin exhibit therapeutic efficacy in both T2D and cancer.
  • 128
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
miRNA in the Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine-metabolic disease in females of reproductive age, affecting 4–20% of pre-menopausal women worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, single-stranded, non-coding, regulatory ribonucleic acid molecules found in eukaryotic cells. Abnormal miRNA expression has been associated with several diseases and could possibly explain their underlying pathophysiology. MiRNAs have been extensively studied for their potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic uses in many diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, PCOS, and endometriosis.
  • 146
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Novel Therapeutic Agents for Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from insulin resistance, inadequate insulin secretion, or excessive glucagon secretion. DM is a non-infectious disease caused by the disruption of carbohydrate metabolism, which culminates in persistent hyperglycemia.
  • 115
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Ketogenic Diet in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly and its development is linked to multifactorial interactions between the environment, genetics, aging and lifestyle. The pathological hallmarks in AD are the accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, neurotoxic events and impaired glucose metabolism. Due to pharmacological limitations and in view of the prevailing glycemic hypometabolism, the ketogenic diet (KD) emerges as a promising non-pharmacological possibility for managing AD, an approach that has already demonstrated efficacy in addressing other disorders, notably epilepsy. The KD consists of a food regimen in which carbohydrate intake is discouraged at the expense of increased lipid consumption, inducing metabolic ketosis whereby the main source of energy becomes ketone bodies instead of glucose. Thus, under these dietary conditions, neuronal death via lack of energy would be decreased, inasmuch as the metabolism of lipids is not impaired in AD. In this way, the clinical picture of patients with AD would potentially improve via the slowing down of symptoms and delaying of the progression of the disease.
  • 75
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Berberine in Diabetes and Related Complications Treatment
Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid that can be extracted from herbs such as Coptis, Phellodendron, and Berberis. BBR has been widely used as a folk medicine to treat various disorders. It is a multi-target drug with multiple mechanisms. Studies have shown that it has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can also adjust intestinal microbial flora. 
  • 101
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
CKD Interplay with Comorbidities and Carbohydrate Metabolism
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a global health challenge, engendering various physiological and metabolic shifts that significantly impact health and escalate the susceptibility to severe illnesses. It is impacting populations worldwide causing health complications and increasing the risk of serious illnesses, with high mortality rates. CKD is associated with different complex deleterious changes in a patient’s physiology and metabolic activity. They include deteriorating function and/or subsequent kidney failure, uremia, irregularities in metabolism of amino acid, lipids, minerals, and homocysteine (leads to malnutrition, anemia, vitamin deficiency, dementia, stroke and heart diseases), metabolic acidosis, insulin resistance, inflammatory and oxidative stress, dysfunction of skeletal muscle and many more. Further, other diseases or disease-causing factors (diabetes and hypertension) which coexist within CKD are associated with deteriorating the health and mortality.
  • 98
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in MAFLD
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become an increasingly common diseases in Western countries and has become the major cause of liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in addition to viral hepatitis in recent decades. Furthermore, studies have shown that NAFLD is inextricably linked to the development of extrahepatic diseases. In 2020, NAFLD was renamed metabolic dysfunction fatty liver disease (MAFLD) to show that its pathogenesis is closely related to metabolic disorders. And the interaction between mitochondrial dys-function and the liver–gut axis has also become a new point during the development of MAFLD.
  • 158
  • 02 Jan 2024
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