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Topic Review
Angiogenic Properties of Placenta-Derived EVs
Angiogenesis is one of the main processes that coordinate the biological events leading to a successful pregnancy, and its imbalance characterizes several pregnancy-related diseases, including preeclampsia. Intracellular interactions via extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to pregnancy’s physiology and pathophysiology, and to the fetal–maternal interaction.
  • 470
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a major component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and play an important role in tumor progression. MSCs remodel the extracellular matrix, participate in the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, promote the spread of metastases, and inhibit antitumor immune responses in the TME; however, there are also data pertaining to the antitumor effects of MSCs. MSCs activate the cell death mechanism by modulating the expression of proteins involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, angiogenesis receptors, and proapoptotic proteins. One of the main ways in which MSCs and TME interact is through the production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by cells.
  • 470
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Three Members of the Synuclein Family
Synucleins are a family of small aggregation-prone proteins consisting of three members, alpha, beta and gamma-synuclein. Alpha-synuclein is the most investigated member of the family due to its involvement in neurodegenerative diseases called synucleinopatjies. Synucleins easily change their conformation and may be converted to toxic aggregates. They are in the focus of attention of biochemists, molecular and cellular biologists who try to reveal their normal functions and role  in diseaases.  
  • 470
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Flat/Intended/Aspine Post-Synapses
Brain synapses are neuronal structures of the greatest interest. In the brain, the distribution of flat/intended and that of spinal post-synapses are not random. Coverage by flat/intended predominates in dendritic fibers of inhibitory neurons.
  • 469
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Stem-Cell-Based Therapy in Alzheimer’s Disease
Stem cells are a versatile source for cell therapy. Their use is particularly significant for the treatment of neurological disorders for which no definitive conventional medical treatment is available. Neurological disorders are of diverse etiology and pathogenesis. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is caused by abnormal protein deposits, leading to progressive dementia.
  • 469
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Organic Small Molecules in Pain-Management
There are different types of anti-inflammatory agents, including small molecules, peptides, and antibodies. In this entry, there will be a focus on small molecules for anti-inflammatory treatments as they have been the center of traditional medicine. Small molecule drugs are compounds with low molecular weight that can easily enter the body and modulate biochemical processes to treat medical conditions.
  • 468
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Sex-Specific Differences to Ischemic Stroke
Macroautophagy (called autophagy thereafter) is a self-catabolic process where subcellular proteins, macromolecules, and organelles are sequestered within membrane-enclosed vesicles (autophagosomes) and are degraded by fusion with lysosomes (autolysosomes). Autophagy plays a role in cellular homeostasis by degrading damaged cellular contents and redistributing the constituents for other cellular processes. During times of cell stress, such as ischemia, autophagy may become dysregulated and increase injury, or conversely may increase the ability of the cell to survive under conditions with low energy substrates. There is increasing evidence that autophagy is a sex-dependent process.
  • 468
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Rac1 Activation, Choroidal Endothelial Cell
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) is an intracellular Rho GTPase that acts as a biologic switch in response to external stimuli. In studies testing the effects of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)-related stresses, activation of Rac1 was found to be necessary for choroidal endothelial cell invasion into the neural retina to form vision-threatening macular neovascularization. This entry summarizes the regulators of Rac1 activation, effectors of active Rac1 in choroidal endothelial cells, and mechanisms by which active Rap1, a Ras-like GTPase, may prevent active Rac1-mediated choroidal endothelial cell migration.
  • 467
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Metabolic Alterations in Parkinson’s Disease
The PD model flies based on DJ-1β inactivation  exhibited protein metabolism alterations, a shift from the tricarboxylic acid cycle to glycolytic pathway to obtain ATP, together with an increase in the expression of some urea cycle enzymes. Thus, these metabolic changes could contribute to PD pathogenesis and might constitute possible therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers for this disease.
  • 467
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Inflammaging
Rapid growth of the geriatric population has been made possible with advancements in pharmaceutical and health sciences. Hence, age-associated diseases are becoming more common. Aging encompasses deterioration of the immune system, known as immunosenescence. Dysregulation of the immune cell production, differentiation, and functioning lead to a chronic subclinical inflammatory state termed inflammaging. The hallmarks of the aging immune system are decreased naïve cells, increased memory cells, and increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation is a promising solution to halt immunosenescence as the cells have excellent immunomodulatory functions and low immunogenicity.
  • 466
  • 08 Jun 2021
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