Topic Review
In Vitro Maturation (IVM) of Human Oocyte
The clinical human oocyte IVM refers to in vitro maturation of the immature oocytes retrieved from follicles after no follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or minimal FSH stimulation (usually 3 days' stimulation), followed by no human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) or minimal hCG priming (single 10,000 IU injection).
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Dec 2021
Topic Review
In Vitro Human Cancer Models for Biomedical Applications
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and its incidence is steadily increasing. Although years of research have been conducted on cancer treatment, clinical treatment options for cancers are still limited. Animal cancer models have been widely used for studies of cancer therapeutics, but these models have been associated with many concerns, including inaccuracy in the representation of human cancers, high cost and ethical issues. Therefore, in vitro human cancer models are being developed quickly to fulfill the increasing demand for more relevant models in order to get a better knowledge of human cancers and to find novel treatments.
  • 451
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Implications of Rectal Cancer Radiotherapy on Immune Microenvironment
The efficiency of (chemo-)radiotherapy for rectal cancer is not only determined by the impact on the tumor cells themselves, but also by the highly individual surrounding tumor microenvironment, including immune cells. However, many aspects of the radiation-induced immune response remain to be fully understood. 
  • 221
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Implications of Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog in NSCLC
Lung cancer remains one of the major human malignancies affecting both men and women worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being the most prevalent type. Multiple mechanisms have been identified that favor tumor growth as well as impede the efficacy of therapeutic regimens in lung cancer patients. Among tumor suppressor genes that play critical roles in regulating cancer growth, the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) constitutes one of the important family members implicated in controlling various functional activities of tumor cells, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis.
  • 298
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Impaired Mitophagy in Neurons and Glial Cells
Aging is associated with a decline in cognitive function, which can partly be explained by the accumulation of damage to the brain cells over time. Neurons and glia undergo morphological and ultrastructure changes during aging. Over the past several years, it has become evident that at the cellular level, various hallmarks of an aging brain are closely related to mitophagy. The importance of mitochondria quality and quantity control through mitophagy is highlighted by the contribution that defects in mitochondria–autophagy crosstalk make to aging and age-related diseases.
  • 389
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Impact of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress for Type-1-Diabetes
Type-1-diabetes (T1D) is a multifactorial disorder with a global incidence of about 8.4 million individuals in 2021. It is primarily classified as an autoimmune disorder, where the pancreatic β-cells are unable to secrete sufficient insulin. This leads to elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). The development of T1D is an intricate interplay between various risk factors, such as genetic, environmental, and cellular elements. Here, the focus is on cellular elements such as ER stress leading to defects in insulin secretion and β-cell destruction.
  • 483
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Impact of C99 on Alzheimer’s Disease
Amyloid beta (Aβ) is produced from a type-I transmembrane protein, amyloid beta precursor protein (APP). One of the APP metabolites, the 99-amino acids C-terminal fragment (C99, also called βCTF), is a direct precursor of Aβ and accumulates in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patient’s brain to demonstrate toxicity independent of Aβ. Conventional drug discovery strategies have focused on Aβ toxicity on the “outside” of the neuron, but C99 accumulation might explain the toxicity on the “inside” of the neuron, which was overlooked in the hypothesis. Furthermore, the common region of C99 and Aβ is a promising target for multifunctional AD drugs.
  • 417
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the infection of the novel highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS-CoV-2), viral infection can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and, in severe cases, can even be lethal. Behind the inflammatory process lies the so-called cytokine storm (CS), which activates various inflammatory cytokines that damage numerous organ tissues.
  • 288
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Immunomodulatory Effects of Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibitors
Patients diagnosed with metastatic uveal melanoma (MUM) have a poor survival prognosis. Unfortunately for this rare disease, there is no known cure and suitable therapeutic options are limited. Histone deacetylase 6 inhibitors (HDAC6i) are currently in clinical trials for other cancers and show potential beneficial effects against tumor cell survival in vitro and in vivo. In MUM cells, HDAC6i show an anti-proliferative effect in vitro and in preclinical zebrafish xenograft models. 
  • 477
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Immunological Synapse and Primary Cilium
The primary cilium is a small microtubule-based organelle that extends from the apical surface of most eukaryotic cells into the extracellular space for sensing and transducing a wide range of cues. Defects in cilia growth and function are associated with a group of human inherited multisystemic diseases, known as ciliopathies. In recent years a rising number of ciliary proteins have been described at extraciliary sites, both in ciliated and non-ciliated cells, and have been implicated in cilium-independent functions and different cellular processes. Hematopoietic cells, including T lymphocytes, do not form primary cilia. However, non-ciliated T cells co-opt the ciliogenesis machinery for the assembly and function of the immunological synapse, a well-organized structure formed by immune cells – multiple types of T cells, mast cells, NK cells, B cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells – allowing for antigen recognition and signaling, information exchange and polarized release of molecules into the synaptic cleft. The identification of many, unexpected similarities between the primary cilium and the T cell immunological synapse at the structural, functional and molecular levels have highlighted the homology between these structures, even though they show disparate morphologies. 
  • 587
  • 11 Apr 2022
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