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Topic Review
Histone H2B Mutations in Cancer
Oncohistone mutations refer to clustered mono-allelic missense mutations that often affect only one of the histone genes, the expression of which exhibits oncogenic features. Oncohistones have been an active area of research since the discovery of H3K27M and H3K36M. Recent effort to catalogue missense histone mutations in cancer have uncovered additional oncohistone mutations affecting other histones. 
  • 560
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Cell Mechanics in Embryoid Bodies
Embryoid bodies (EBs) resemble self-organizing aggregates of pluripotent stem cells that recapitulate some aspects of early embryogenesis. Within few days, the cells undergo a transition from rather homogeneous epithelial-like pluripotent stem cell colonies into a three-dimensional organization of various cell types with multifaceted cell–cell interactions and lumen formation—a process associated with repetitive epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. In the last few years, culture methods have further evolved to better control EB size, growth, cellular composition, and organization—e.g., by the addition of morphogens or different extracellular matrix molecules. There is a growing perception that the mechanical properties, cell mechanics, and cell signaling during EB development are also influenced by physical cues to better guide lineage specification; substrate elasticity and topography are relevant, as well as shear stress and mechanical strain. Epithelial structures outside and inside EBs support the integrity of the cell aggregates and counteract mechanical stress. Furthermore, hydrogels can be used to better control the organization and lineage-specific differentiation of EBs. In this review, we summarize how EB formation is accompanied by a variety of biomechanical parameters that need to be considered for the directed and reproducible self-organization of early cell fate decisions.
  • 559
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Aberrant Stress Granule Dynamics
Stress granules are membrane-less organelles formed through the process of liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) under certain stress conditions, such as oxidative stress and heat shock, among others.
  • 559
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Formaldehyde and De/Methylation
Formaldehyde (FA) is a highly reactive substance that is ubiquitous in the environment and is usually considered as a pollutant. In the human body, FA is a product of various metabolic pathways and participates in one-carbon cycle, which provides carbon for the synthesis and modification of bio-compounds, such as DNA, RNA, and amino acids. Endogenous FA plays a role in epigenetic regulation, especially in the methylation and demethylation of DNA, histones, and RNA. 
  • 559
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Notch Signaling in Inflammatory Diseases
Notch signaling, a highly conserved pathway in mammals, is crucial for differentiation and homeostasis of immune cells. The spectrum of diseases is as broad as the cellular functions controlled by Notch signaling. In various types of cancer, cerebrovascular diseases, and inherited disease syndromes, Notch signaling has been found to exert a detrimental impact as well as in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), primary biliary cirrhosis, and atherosclerosis. 
  • 560
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Aging and Bone Marrow
The aging of bone marrow (BM) remains a very imperative and alluring subject, with an ever-increasing interest among fellow scientists. A considerable amount of progress has been made in this field with the established ‘hallmarks of aging’ and continued efforts to investigate the age-related changes observed within the BM. Inflammaging is considered as a low-grade state of inflammation associated with aging, and whilst the possible mechanisms by which aging occurs are now largely understood, the processes leading to the underlying changes within aged BM remain elusive. The ability to identify these changes and detect such alterations at the genetic level are key to broadening the knowledgebase of aging BM. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is an important molecular-level application presenting the ability to not only determine genomic base changes but provide transcriptional profiling (RNA-seq), as well as a high-throughput analysis of DNA–protein interactions (ChIP-seq). Utilising NGS to explore the genetic alterations occurring over the aging process within alterative cell types facilitates the comprehension of the molecular and cellular changes influencing the dynamics of aging BM.
  • 558
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Lung Cancer Stem Cells
CSCs are small numbers of cells that exist in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Lung cancer TME is composed of a various group of non-cancer cells, such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs stromal cells), regulatory T cells (Tregs), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), along with cancer cells: mature cancer cells and CSCs. As yet, the complexity of the interactions between the cells in the immune TME has not been exhaustively described.
  • 557
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Iron's Altered Metabolism in Cancer
Iron is the most abundant transition metal in the human body and a vital micronutrient that is a critical component of many crucial enzymes. Therefore, it is essential to various biological processes, such as DNA synthesis and repair, cell cycle regulation, transport of oxygen, and energy production. Consequently, it is of no surprise that iron levels elevated in cancer and can lead to further tumour development and metastasis 
  • 557
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Membrane Lipids in Light-Activation of Drosophila TRP Channels
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels constitute a large superfamily of polymodal channel proteins with diverse roles in many physiological and sensory systems that function both as ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. From the early days of TRP channel discovery, membrane lipids were suggested to play a fundamental role in channel activation and regulation. A prominent example is the Drosophila TRP and TRP-like (TRPL) channels, which are predominantly expressed in the visual system of Drosophila. Light activation of the TRP and TRPL channels, the founding members of the TRP channel superfamily, requires activation of phospholipase Cβ (PLC), which hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into Diacylglycerol (DAG) and Inositol 1, 4,5-trisphosphate (IP3).
  • 557
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras
The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is an essential part of the cellular machinery responsible for maintaining intracellular protein homeostasis. A network of proteins that comprises the proteolytic system and chaperones calculates cellular protein homeostasis. Chaperones are in charge of correcting protein misfolding, but the proteolytic system, which converges on the 26S proteasome, is in charge of removing damaged or unfolded proteins to maintain a healthy environment inside the cell. Using proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology for targeted protein degradation, a novel technique of treatment is emerging that stems from an aberrant expression of a protein that causes disease. PROTAC molecules are tiny, bifunctional molecules that bind an E3-ubiquitin ligase and a target protein at the same time, causing ubiquitination and proteasome destruction of the target protein.
  • 556
  • 22 May 2023
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