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Topic Review
Histomorphological Changes in Fish Gut after Prebiotics/Probiotics Treatment
Activities such as the digestion and absorption of feeds occur into the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which also serves to excrete waste products of digestion. These processes occur thanks to the different species of microorganisms inhabiting the GIT, the microbiota, which contribute to the health status of fish by providing metabolic benefits and counteracting pathogen infection. The microbiota is affected by environmental conditions and by the dietary habits of fish species, and it may be modulated by the administration of feed additives based on prebiotics and probiotics. These represent a very useful tool to improve the health status of fish since they are able to enhance gut efficiency, nutrient uptake, defense against pathogens, and growth performance, as may also be assessed by histological endpoints.
  • 107
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Histone Demethylase JMJD2D
Histone demethylase JMJD2D is a multifunctional epigenetic factor coordinating androgen receptor activation, DNA damage repair, DNA replication, cell cycle regulation, and inflammation modulation. JMJD2D is also a well-established epigenetic facilitator in the progression of multiple malignant tumors, especially in colorectal cancer (CRC) and hepatocellular cancer (HCC).
  • 548
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Histone Genes in Drosophila
The evolution of the GC (guanine cytosine) content at the third codon position of the histone genes (H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4, H2AvD, H3.3A, H3.3B, and H4r) in 12 or more Drosophila species is reviewed. For explaining the evolution of the GC content at the third codon position of the genes, a model assuming selection with a deleterious effect for adenine/thymine and a size effect is presented. The applicability of the model to whole-genome genes is also discussed. 
  • 549
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Histone H2B Mutations in Cancer
Oncohistone mutations refer to clustered mono-allelic missense mutations that often affect only one of the histone genes, the expression of which exhibits oncogenic features. Oncohistones have been an active area of research since the discovery of H3K27M and H3K36M. Recent effort to catalogue missense histone mutations in cancer have uncovered additional oncohistone mutations affecting other histones. 
  • 520
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Histone Loss in Aging and Senescence
Aging is a complex and multifactorial process characterized by a combination of aging hallmarks that contribute to declines at the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels in an organism. The dysregulation of the cellular epigenome during aging and senescence is a complex phenomenon that manifests through various elements, including global histone levels, histone positioning on the DNA sequence, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones, histone variants, DNA methylation, and noncoding RNAs.
  • 184
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Histone Modifications Involved in E–P Interactions
The physical interactions between enhancers and promoters create chromatin conformations involved in gene regulation.  Although it is not entirely comprehensive how chromatin-mediated enhancer–promoter (E–P) interactions with various histone marks can affect gene expression, this proximity has been observed in multiple systems at multiple loci and is thought to be essential to control gene expression.
  • 678
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Histone Variants in Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a physiological process activated during early embryogenesis, which continues to shape tissues and organs later on. It is also hijacked by tumor cells during metastasis. The regulation of EMT has been the focus of many research groups culminating in the last few years and resulting in an elaborate transcriptional network buildup. Recent discoveries pointed out that histone variants, which are key epigenetic players, appear to be involved in EMT control. 
  • 502
  • 03 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Histopathology of Cervical HPV Lesions
Only after fully understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of HPV lesions and their interaction with different cofactors such as the microbiota will it be possible to define the most effective strategy for patients. The Pathologist and the HPV test allows identifying women with “high risk” to be included in personalized protocols and targeted follow-up in cynical practice.
  • 331
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Histopathology of Interstitial Lung Disease
Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are relatively rare and sometimes become life threatening. In particular, rapidly progressive ILD, which frequently presents as acute lung injury (ALI) on lung histopathology, shows poor prognosis if proper and immediate treatments are not initiated. These devastating conditions include acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF), clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM), epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI)-induced lung injury, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
  • 580
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
HIV-1 Capsid Protein
The capsid (CA) protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is an essential structural component of a virion and facilitates many crucial life cycle steps through interactions with host cell factors. Capsid shields the reverse transcription complex from restriction factors while it enables trafficking to the nucleus by hijacking various adaptor proteins, such as FEZ1 and BICD2. In addition, the capsid facilitates the import and localization of the viral complex in the nucleus through interaction with NUP153, NUP358, TNPO3, and CPSF-6. In the later stages of the HIV-1 life cycle, CA plays an essential role in the maturation step as a constituent of the Gag polyprotein. In the final phase of maturation, Gag is cleaved, and CA is released, allowing for the assembly of CA into a fullerene cone, known as the capsid core. The fullerene cone consists of ~250 CA hexamers and 12 CA pentamers and encloses the viral genome and other essential viral proteins for the next round of infection. As research continues to elucidate the role of CA in the HIV-1 life cycle and the importance of the capsid protein becomes more apparent, CA displays potential as a therapeutic target for the development of HIV-1 inhibitors.
  • 1.8K
  • 20 Feb 2021
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