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Topic Review
PGC-1α and Mitochondria
Mitochondria play a major role in ROS production and defense during their life cycle. The transcriptional activator PGC-1α is a key player in the homeostasis of energy metabolism and is therefore closely linked to mitochondrial function. PGC-1α responds to environmental and intracellular conditions and is regulated by SIRT1/3, TFAM, and AMPK, which are also important regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and function.
  • 537
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Perspectives of Metabolic Syndrome-Related Organoids
Organoids are spontaneously formed multicellular structures that provide a reliable model for studying early development and certain diseases. MetS is a systemic disease that affects multiple organs and tissues throughout the human body. A single organoid is not a good model for studying metabolic syndrome, as it lacks the organ-to-organ and system-to-system interactions necessary to study the disease. Secondly, the current immaturity of organoids and the inability to produce them on a large scale and in a standardized manner have created significant limitations for the study of various diseases, especially systemic diseases such as Mets. However, the combination of organoids with other technologies is expected to break the metabolic syndrome research bottleneck. 
  • 287
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Personalized Cancer Therapy on Molecular Basis
Personalized cancer therapy is a treatment strategy that takes into account the molecular profile of patients in order to stratify them into groups that are more likely to benefit from different therapeutic approaches. Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. One of the main hallmarks in cancer is the functional deregulation of crucial molecular pathways via driver genetic events that lead to abnormal gene expression, giving cells a selective growth advantage. Driver events are defined as mutations, fusions and copy number alterations that are causally implicated in oncogenesis. Molecular analysis on tissues that have originated from a wide range of anatomical areas has shown that mutations in different members of several pathways are implicated in different cancer types.
  • 586
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Peroxisomal Stress Response and Inter-Organelle Communication
Peroxisomes are single membrane-bound organelles found in all eukaryotic cells and organisms, from yeast to plants and mammals. They are key regulators of cellular and metabolic homeostasis. These organelles play important roles in redox metabolism, the oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), and the biosynthesis of ether phospholipids. Given the essential role of peroxisomes in cellular homeostasis, peroxisomal dysfunction has been linked to various pathological conditions, tissue functional decline, and aging. In the past few decades, a variety of cellular signaling and metabolic changes have been reported to be associated with defective peroxisomes, suggesting that many cellular processes and functions depend on peroxisomes. Peroxisomes communicate with other subcellular organelles, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and lysosomes. These inter-organelle communications are highly linked to the key mechanisms by which cells surveil defective peroxisomes and mount adaptive responses to protect them from damages. 
  • 931
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Peroxiredoxins in Cancer Development
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are antioxidant enzymes with ubiquitous expression in human tissues. Because of their abundant expression in different cellular organelles and extraordinary sensitivity to H2O2, Prxs are among the first defenses against oxidative stress. Prxs undergo reversible oxidation to disulfides, and some family members perform chaperone or phospholipase functions upon further oxidation. Prxs are frequently upregulated in cancer cells and contribute to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. The roles of Prxs in the  development of major cancers are summarized below.
  • 319
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Periodontitis Treatment
Fabrication of biomaterial that mimics a suitable biological microenvironment is still a major challenge in the field of periodontitis treatment. Hence, in this report, we presented for the first time the fabrication of a novel biomaterial 3D matrix using collagen combined with sodium alginate and titanium oxide (TiO2) to recreate the in-vivo microenvironment and to act as a platform for the culture of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLF) towards osteogenic differentiation.
  • 859
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Perinuclear Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (P-ANCA)
Perinuclear anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (P-ANCA) recognize heterogeneous antigens, including myeloperoxidase (MPO), lactoferrin, elastase, cathepsin-G and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein. Although P-ANCA have diagnostic utility in vasculitides, they may also be found in patients with various other systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs). Nevertheless, the clinical significance and the targets recognized by P-ANCA in such patients remain unclear. For this purpose, herein we investigated the occurrence of ANCA-related antigenic specificities in 82 P-ANCA-positive sera by multiplex ELISA, as well as their association with other autoantibodies. The P-ANCA-positive sera corresponded to patients with vasculitides (n = 24), systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 28), antiphospholipid syndrome (n = 5), Sjögren’s syndrome (n = 7), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 3), systemic scleroderma (n = 1), sarcoidosis (n = 1) and Hashimoto′s thyroiditis (n = 13). In most P-ANCA-positive patients studied (51/82, 62.3%), these autoantibodies occurred in high titers (>1:160). The analysis of P-ANCA-positive sera revealed reactivity to MPO in only 50% of patients with vasculitides, whereas it was infrequent in the other disease groups studied. Reactivity to other P-ANCA-related autoantigens was also rarely detected. Our findings support that high P-ANCA titers occur in SARD. The P-ANCA-positive staining pattern is associated with MPO specificity in vasculitides, while in other autoimmune diseases, it mostly involves unknown autoantigens. 
  • 4.4K
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Perineuronal Nets
During restricted time windows of postnatal life, called critical periods, neural circuits are highly plastic and are shaped by environmental stimuli. In several mammalian brain areas, from the cerebral cortex to the hippocampus and amygdala, the closure of the critical period is dependent on the formation of perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs are condensed aggregates of an extracellular matrix (ECM) enwrapping the cell body, dendrites, and axon initial segments of several neurons in the adult central nervous system (CNS). They represent one form of an ECM in the CNS, together with the ECM that is loosely distributed in the parenchyma, the ECM that constitutes the basal lamina (which separates the CNS tissue from meningeal and vascular tissues), and the ECM that is located at the nodes of Ranvier.
  • 845
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Perinatal Stem Cells
Perinatal tissues refer to tissues that are discarded at birth, such as the placenta, umbilical cord, cord blood, and amniotic fluid, and different stem and progenitor cell types can be isolated from these tissues. Regenerative medicine has found in the perinatal medical wastes one of the most promising sources of various cells and tissues for use in cell therapy and tissue engineering, both in experimental and clinical settings. The primary source of perinatal stem cells is cord blood. Cord blood has been a well-known source of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Other perinatal tissues contain non-hematopoietic cells with potential therapeutic value. Indeed, in advanced perinatal cell therapy trials, mesenchymal stromal cells are the most commonly used.
  • 3.8K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Pericytes
Pericytes are increasingly recognized as being important in the control of blood–brain barrier permeability and vascular flow. Research on this important cell type has been hindered by widespread confusion regarding the phenotypic identity and nomenclature of pericytes and other perivascular cell types. In addition, pericyte heterogeneity and mouse–human species differences have contributed to confusion.
  • 556
  • 17 Jun 2021
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