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Topic Review
Protease Inhibitor
In biology and biochemistry, protease inhibitors, or antiproteases, are molecules that inhibit the function of proteases (enzymes that aid the breakdown of proteins). Many naturally occurring protease inhibitors are proteins. In medicine, protease inhibitor is often used interchangeably with alpha 1-antitrypsin (A1AT, which is abbreviated PI for this reason). A1AT is indeed the protease inhibitor most often involved in disease, namely in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
  • 726
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Properties of Polyphenol-Based Dietary Supplements
Antioxidants in sports exercise training remain a debated research topic. Plant-derived polyphenol supplements are frequently used by athletes to reduce the negative effects of exercise-induced oxidative stress, accelerate the recovery of muscular function, and enhance performance. 
  • 492
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors
Prokineticins are a new class of chemokine-like peptides involved in a wide range of biological and pathological activities. In particular, prokineticin 2 (PK2), prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2) play a central role in modulating neuroinflammatory processes. PK2 and PKRs, which are physiologically expressed at very low levels, are strongly upregulated during inflammation and regulate neuronal-glial interaction.
  • 279
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Prokaryotic Translation
Prokaryotic translation is the process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in prokaryotes.
  • 3.5K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Proinflammatory Cytokines in Bone Metabolism
Bone is a mineralized connective tissue that is constantly renewed to maintain its mechanical properties. Osteoblasts are responsible for extracellular matrix synthesis, while osteoclasts resorb damaged bone, and the osteocytes have a regulatory role in this process, releasing growth factors and other proteins. A balanced activity among these actors is necessary for healthy bone remodeling. In obesity, several mechanisms may trigger incorrect remodeling, increasing bone resorption to the detriment of bone formation rates.
  • 561
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Prognosis of Prostate Cancer and Tumor Heterogeneity
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a highly heterogeneous complex cancer that shows widely varying levels of mortality and morbidity. Among PCa cases, adenocarcinomas that have an acinar origin have a far better prognosis than those with a ductal origin. Localized PCa is often found to be morphologically heterogeneous within the same patient. Multiple tumor foci can appear within the prostate organ (intertumoral heterogeneity), and they can have genetic differences that cause various degrees of metastatic spread and treatment resistance.
  • 377
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Profiling Cancer Cells by Cell-SELEX
The identification of tumor cell-specific surface markers is a key step towards personalized cancer medicine, allowing early assessment and accurate diagnosis, and development of efficacious targeted therapies. What mainly limits the number of ideal clinical biomarkers is the high complexity and heterogeneity of several human cancers and still-limited methods for molecular profiling of specific cancer types. The cell-SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) technology for the differential selection of oligonucleotide aptamers against a specific cancer-cell type has become the selection technique for the discovery of cell-surface markers. Indeed, it allows selection, at the same time, of a set of aptamers acting as highly efficacious recognition elements for functional surface signatures of target cells. Importantly, these aptamers may be used to identify cell-surface molecules whose role is still unexplored. This fulfills the great challenge of simultaneously targeting multiple proteins whose alterations, in concert, define the pathological state of the cell and are thus more informative for biomarker discovery than the alteration of a single protein.
  • 306
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Primary Stressors in Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by the degradation of joint cartilage tissue, chronic local inflammation, and bone remodeling, which result in joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and restricted motion. Aging phenotypes are considered a manifestation of accumulated cellular damage and defective repair. This is particularly apparent in the primary cell type of the articular joint, the articular chondrocytes. Articular chondrocytes are constantly facing the challenge of stressors, including mechanical overloading, oxidation, DNA damage, proteostatic stress, and metabolic imbalance.
  • 257
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Primary Cilium and Stem Cell
Signaling networks guide stem cells during their lineage specification and terminal differentiation. Primary cilium, an antenna-like protrusion, directly or indirectly plays a significant role in this guidance. All stem cells characterized so far have primary cilia. They serve as entry- or check-points for various signaling events by controlling the signal transduction and stability. Thus, defects in the primary cilia formation or dynamics cause developmental and health problems, including but not limited to obesity, cardiovascular and renal anomalies, hearing and vision loss, and even cancers.
  • 808
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Primary Cilia in Acquired Heart Disease
Primary cilia are non-motile plasma membrane extrusions that display a variety of receptors and mechanosensors. Loss of function results in ciliopathies, which have been strongly linked with congenital heart disease, as well as abnormal development and function of most organ systems. 
  • 709
  • 24 Mar 2022
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