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Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are biologically active substances secreted by MSCs into the extracellular matrix that play an immunomodulatory role in skin damage repair.
  • 253
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Age-Related Alternative Splicing
Alternative splicing changes are closely linked to aging, though it remains unclear if they are drivers or effects. As organisms age, splicing patterns change, varying gene isoform levels and functions. These changes may contribute to aging alterations rather than just reflect declining RNA quality control. Three main splicing types—intron retention, cassette exons, and cryptic exons—play key roles in age-related complexity. These events modify protein domains and increase nonsense-mediated decay, shifting protein isoform levels and functions. This may potentially drive aging or serve as a biomarker. Fluctuations in splicing factor expression also occur with aging. Somatic mutations in splicing genes can also promote aging and age-related disease. 
  • 252
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Hypoxia-Related Unfolded Protein Response in Tumor Microenvironment
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a dynamic network that is created by blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, fibroblasts, immune cells as well as components such as the extracellular matrix (ECM) that establishes a “friendly ecosystem” for cancer cells. Hypoxia induces a cellular adaptive response that elevates the expression of the transcription factors called hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) that activate the global gene expression changes in both non-malignant and cancer cells. While most of the studies in this area have focused on the canonical responses to hypoxia, a better understanding is needed for the complex molecular changes that are found in the hypoxic TME. These changes include the deregulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, and the subsequent perturbations in protein folding and secretion. The potential for erratic protein folding can also lead to another specialized stress response signaling pathway called the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR promotes survival during hypoxia by restoring the endoplasmic and mitochondrial homeostasis, but at times, it can also inhibit the cancer cell’s survival. The maturation of transmembrane and secretory proteins that include proangiogenic receptors and ligands as well as ECM remodeling enzymes takes place in the ER. 
  • 251
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Targeting Protein Aggregates with Natural Products
Protein aggregation is one of the hallmarks of aging and aging-related diseases, especially for the neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and others.
  • 251
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Inflammation Leads to Skeletal Muscle Wasting in COPD
Inflammation is one of the primary drivers of skeletal muscle wasting in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), through its catabolic effects.
  • 251
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Role of Mitophagy in Regulating Intestinal Oxidative Damage
The mitochondrion is also a major site for maintaining redox homeostasis between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and scavenging. The quantity, quality, and functional integrity of mitochondria are crucial for regulating intracellular homeostasis and maintaining the normal physiological function of cells. The role of oxidative stress in human disease is well established, particularly in inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal mucosal diseases. Oxidative stress could result from an imbalance between ROS and the antioxidative system. Mitochondria are both the main sites of production and the main target of ROS. It is a vicious cycle in which initial ROS-induced mitochondrial damage enhanced ROS production that, in turn, leads to further mitochondrial damage and eventually massive intestinal cell death. Oxidative damage can be significantly mitigated by mitophagy, which clears damaged mitochondria. 
  • 248
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
TFEB-Induced Autophagy's Regulation during Mtb Infection and Starvation
Through the promotion of phagolysosome formation, autophagy has emerged as a crucial mechanism to eradicate intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). A cell-autonomous host defense mechanism called lysosome biogenesis and autophagy transports cytoplasmic cargos and bacterial phagosomes to lysosomes for destruction during infection. Similar occurrences occurred in stressful or starvation circumstances and led to autophagy, which is harmful to the cell. It is interesting to note that under both hunger and infection states, the transcription factor EB (TFEB) acts as a master regulator of lysosomal activities and autophagy. 
  • 248
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Neuronal Autophagy
Autophagy is a major degradative pathway that plays a key role in sustaining cell homeostasis, integrity, and physiological functions. Macroautophagy, which ensures the clearance of cytoplasmic components engulfed in a double-membrane autophagosome that fuses with lysosomes, is orchestrated by a complex cascade of events. Autophagy has a particularly strong impact on the nervous system, and mutations in core components cause numerous neurological diseases. 
  • 247
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Environmental Determinants of Ferroptosis in Cancer
Many metastasizing cancer cells are vulnerable to a particular type of cell death known as ferroptosis, which is an iron-dependent form of cell death caused by accumulative oxidative stress. Interestingly, many intracellular and extracellular factors can influence ferroptosis and, therefore, dictate the efficiency and route of tumor metastasis.
  • 246
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Influence of Extracellular Vesicles on Lung Stromal Components
One of the common locations for breast cancer metastasis is the lung, which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Several studies have demonstrated that breast cancer-derived extracellular vesicles secreted from the primary breast tumor play a key role in establishing the lung pre-metastatic niche to support colonization of metastatic tumor cells. 
  • 243
  • 27 Jul 2023
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