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Topic Review
Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Hematological Malignancies
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in the development and progression of hematological malignancies. In addition to several factors, such as growth factors, cytokines, extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, etc., a growing body of evidence has indicated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in the communication of tumor cells within the TME, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies. 
  • 286
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
N-Terminal Methionine Excision
In the cytosol of human cells, when a newly synthesized polypeptide emerges from the ribosomes, its fate can be determined by the enzymes that modify its N-terminal α-amino acid residue (Nα). These N-terminal modifications include excision of the initiator methionine (iMet), Nα-myristoylation, Nα-acetylation, Nα-methylation, and other less common modification events. Methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs) are responsible for N-terminal iMet excision (NME).
  • 286
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Marginal Zone Precursor-Like in the Context of HIV
Marginal zone (MZ) B-cells are innate-like, and possess a polyreactive B-cell receptor (BCR) and several pattern recognition receptors (PRR) [1,2]. They are known to generate low-affinity first-line antibody responses against invading pathogens such as encapsulated bacteria.
  • 285
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Regulation of m6A Modification in GSCs and Tumorigenesis
Glioblastoma is the most common and most lethal primary malignant brain tumor. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of widespread and abundant internal messenger RNA (mRNA) modification found in eukaryotes. Accumulated evidence demonstrates that m6A modification is aberrantly activated in human cancers and is critical for tumorigenesis and metastasis. m6A modification is also strongly involved in key signaling pathways and is associated with prognosis in glioblastoma. Here, the researchers briefly outline the functions of m6A and its regulatory proteins, including m6A writers, erasers, and readers on the fate of RNA. The researchers also summarize the latest breakthroughs in this field, describe the underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to the tumorigenesis and progression, and highlight the inhibitors targeting the factors in m6A modification in glioblastoma. Further studies focusing on the specific pathways of m6A modification could help identify biomarkers and therapeutic targets that might prevent and treat glioblastoma.
  • 285
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Dental Follicle Cells Driving Osteogenic Differentiation
When research on osteogenic differentiation in dental follicle cells (DFCs) began, projects focused on bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. The BMP pathway induces the transcription factor DLX3, whichh in turn induces the BMP signaling pathway via a positive feedback mechanism. However, this BMP2/DLX3 signaling pathway only seems to support the early phase of osteogenic differentiation, since simultaneous induction of BMP2 or DLX3 does not further promote differentiation. Data showed that inhibition of classical protein kinase C (PKCs) supports the mineralization of DFCs and that osteogenic differentiation is sensitive to changes in signaling pathways, such as protein kinase B (PKB), also known as AKT. Small changes in the lipidome seem to confirm the participation of AKT and PKC in osteogenic differentiation. 
  • 285
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mammalian Synapse by the Post-Translational Modification SUMOylation
Neurotransmission occurs within highly specialized compartments forming the active synapse where the complex organization and dynamics of the interactions are tightly orchestrated both in time and space. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are central to these spatiotemporal regulations to ensure an efficient synaptic transmission. SUMOylation is a dynamic PTM that modulates the interactions between proteins and consequently regulates the conformation, the distribution and the trafficking of the SUMO-target proteins. SUMOylation plays a crucial role in synapse formation and stabilization, as well as in the regulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity. 
  • 285
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Colon Cancer Stem Cells
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subpopulation of cells within tumors with properties, such as self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenicity. CSCs have been proposed as a plausible therapeutic target as they are responsible for tumor recurrence, metastasis, and conventional therapy resistance. Selectively targeting CSCs is a promising strategy to eliminate the propagation of tumor cells and impair overall tumor development.
  • 284
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
The Biogenesis of Exosomes
Exosomes, ranging from 30 to 150 nanometers in diameter, emerge as crucial biological nano-scale lipid bilayer vesicles. These vesicles are secreted by various cell types, including dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, T cells, mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and several cancer cells.
  • 284
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors
Prokineticins are a new class of chemokine-like peptides involved in a wide range of biological and pathological activities. In particular, prokineticin 2 (PK2), prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2) play a central role in modulating neuroinflammatory processes. PK2 and PKRs, which are physiologically expressed at very low levels, are strongly upregulated during inflammation and regulate neuronal-glial interaction.
  • 282
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Non-Cellular Molecular Interactome in the Blood Circulation
Much like artificial nanoparticles, relatively more complex biological entities with nanometric dimensions such as pathogens (viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms) may also acquire a biomolecular corona upon entering the blood circulation of an organism. 
  • 282
  • 28 Jun 2023
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