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Topic Review
MRN Complex Functions in Cellular Homeostasis
Defects in MRE11A/RAD50/NBS1 (MRN) genes and overexpression of the MRN proteins are both linked to cancer, generating confusion about how the MRN complex impacts cancer initiation and progression.
  • 179
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Desmosomal Genes and Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathies (CMPs) represent a significant healthcare burden and are a major cause of heart failure leading to premature death. Several CMPs are now recognized to have a strong genetic basis, including arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), which predisposes patients to arrhythmic episodes. 
  • 224
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
ATP12A Proton Pump in Respiratory Diseases
ATP12A encodes the catalytic subunit of the non-gastric proton pump, which is expressed in many epithelial tissues and mediates the secretion of protons in exchange for potassium ions. In the airways, ATP12A-dependent proton secretion contributes to complex mechanisms regulating the composition and properties of the fluid and mucus lining the respiratory epithelia, which are essential to maintain the airway host defense and the respiratory health. Increased expression and activity of ATP12A in combination with the loss of other balancing activities, such as the bicarbonate secretion mediated by CFTR, leads to excessive acidification of the airway surface liquid and mucus dysfunction, processes that play relevant roles in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis and other chronic inflammatory respiratory disorders. Here, the researchers summarize the findings dealing with ATP12A expression, function, and modulation in the airways, which led to the consideration of ATP12A as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cystic fibrosis and other airway diseases; the researchers also highlight the current advances and gaps regarding the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at ATP12A inhibition.
  • 315
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Triggers of Retinal Regeneration in Amphibians
Understanding the mechanisms triggering the initiation of retinal regeneration in amphibians may advance the quest for prevention and treatment options for degenerating human retina diseases. Natural retinal regeneration in amphibians requires two cell sources, namely retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and ciliary marginal zone. The disruption of RPE interaction with photoreceptors through surgery or injury triggers local and systemic responses for retinal protection. In mammals, disease-induced damage to the retina results in the shutdown of the function, cellular or oxidative stress, pronounced immune response, cell death and retinal degeneration. In contrast to retinal pathology in mammals, regenerative responses in amphibians have taxon-specific features ensuring efficient regeneration. These include rapid hemostasis, the recruitment of cells and factors of endogenous defense systems, activities of the immature immune system, high cell viability, and the efficiency of the extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton, and cell surface remodeling. These reactions are controlled by specific signaling pathways, transcription factors, and the epigenome, which are insufficiently studied. 
  • 204
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Furin in Type 2 Diabetes
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are chemical or enzymatic alterations that occur on proteins after they are synthesized from their corresponding genes. They are essential for protein function and are involved in various biological processes, including protein folding, localization, stability, activity, and interaction with other proteins. Proprotein convertases (PCs) are irreversible post-translational modifiers that have been extensively studied and are considered as key targets for novel therapeutics. They cleave proteins at specific sites causing conformational changes affecting their functions. Furin is considered as a PC model in regulating growth factors and is involved in regulating many pro-proteins. 
  • 267
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Methods to Assess Cell Proliferation in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and severe malignancies worldwide. Recent advances in diagnostic methods allow for more accurate identification and detection of several molecular biomarkers associated with this cancer. Classical prognostic genetic markers comprise mutations in several genes (e.g., APC, KRAS/BRAF, TGF-β, and TP53). Furthermore, CIN and MSI serve as chromosomal markers, while epigenetic markers include CIMP and many other candidates such as SERP, p14, p16, LINE-1, and RASSF1A. Results on the prognostic value of the most commonly used cell cycle-related markers in CRC demonstrated by immunohistochemical (IHC) methods in relation to patients' overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS), are inconsistent. However, it was possible to confirm such a role for cyclin B1, cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67. The number of long non-coding RNAs (e.g., SNHG1, SNHG6, MALAT-1, CRNDE) and microRNAs (e.g., miR-20a, miR-21, miR-143, miR-145, miR-181a/b) associated with proliferation in CRC as confirmed prognostic markers is increasing. Despite the rather obvious limitations of IHC and new molecular techniques, the standardisation of methods for quantitative assessment of proliferation marker expression, or the understanding of endogenous and exogenous (environmental) mechanisms of accelerated cellular proliferation, requires further development.
  • 270
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Droplets in Yeast during Stress and Aging
The baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a valuable tool for aging research, as many aging- and disease-associated pathways such as DNA repair mechanisms, lipostasis, proteostasis, oxidative stress responses, regulated cell death, nutrient signaling, autophagy, and regulation of the cell cycle are evolutionarily conserved to a high degree. Lipid droplets (LDs) are evolutionary conserved structures that were mentioned for the first time by Van Leeuwenhoek in 1674, but their reassessment as autonomous organelles with important key roles in lipid and energy metabolism occurred many years later. LDs originate from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the first step, neutral lipids are synthesized at the ER and are redirected into the bilayer, leading to an aggregation of the highly motile lipids. Emerging evidence suggests that LDs also fulfil impotant functions during aging and in protein homeostasis.
  • 237
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Epicardial Cell Heterogeneity during Cardiogenesis and Heart Regeneration
The outermost layer of the heart, the epicardium, is an essential cell population that contributes, through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), to the formation of different cell types and provides paracrine signals to the developing heart. Despite its quiescent state during adulthood, the adult epicardium reactivates and recapitulates many aspects of embryonic cardiogenesis in response to cardiac injury, thereby supporting cardiac tissue remodeling. Thus, the epicardium has been considered a crucial source of cell progenitors that offers an important contribution to cardiac development and injured hearts. 
  • 286
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Receptor Complexes Involving Dopamine Receptors
Dopamine (DA) is a catecholamine, that is, an ethylamine with an attached catechol group (a phenyl group with two hydroxyl groups in meta- and para positions). DA-producing neurons were first identified and mapped in animals by Dahlström and Fuxe in 1964, indicating the existence of neuronal circuits using DA as a neurotransmitter.
  • 169
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
3D Cell Culture in Brief
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture represents a paradigm shift in cellular research. Unlike traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures, it offers a more physiologically relevant environment for studying cells and tissues. In 3D culture, cells grow within complex three-dimensional structures that mimic the architecture of living organs and tissues. This approach allows researchers to explore cell behavior, disease mechanisms, and drug responses with greater accuracy. Methods like hydrogels, spheroids, and bioprinting enable the creation of 3D models that faithfully replicate in vivo conditions. These models find applications in diverse fields, including cancer research, neuroscience, infectious diseases, drug development, and tissue engineering. By improving disease modeling, drug screening, and tissue regeneration, 3D cell culture is driving advancements in biomedical research and offering new avenues for understanding and treating diseases. While challenges remain, ongoing innovations in 3D culture techniques are poised to reshape the landscape of cellular research.
  • 191
  • 11 Oct 2023
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