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Topic Review
Myoglobin in Brown Adipose Tissue: Novel Thermogenic Implications
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in energy homeostasis by generating heat from chemical energy via uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation. Besides its high mitochondrial content and its exclusive expression of the uncoupling protein 1, another key feature of BAT is the high expression of myoglobin (MB), a heme-containing protein that typically binds oxygen, thereby facilitating the diffusion of the gas from cell membranes to mitochondria of muscle cells. In addition, MB also modulates nitric oxide (NO•) pools and can bind C16 and C18 fatty acids, which indicates a role in lipid metabolism. Studies in humans and mice implicated MB present in BAT in the regulation of lipid droplet morphology and fatty acid shuttling and composition, as well as mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. 
  • 309
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Profiling Cancer Cells by Cell-SELEX
The identification of tumor cell-specific surface markers is a key step towards personalized cancer medicine, allowing early assessment and accurate diagnosis, and development of efficacious targeted therapies. What mainly limits the number of ideal clinical biomarkers is the high complexity and heterogeneity of several human cancers and still-limited methods for molecular profiling of specific cancer types. The cell-SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) technology for the differential selection of oligonucleotide aptamers against a specific cancer-cell type has become the selection technique for the discovery of cell-surface markers. Indeed, it allows selection, at the same time, of a set of aptamers acting as highly efficacious recognition elements for functional surface signatures of target cells. Importantly, these aptamers may be used to identify cell-surface molecules whose role is still unexplored. This fulfills the great challenge of simultaneously targeting multiple proteins whose alterations, in concert, define the pathological state of the cell and are thus more informative for biomarker discovery than the alteration of a single protein.
  • 308
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Steatohepatitis, Mitochondria, and Inflammasome
Alcoholic (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are advanced stages of fatty liver disease and two of the most prevalent forms of chronic liver disease. ASH and NASH are associated with significant risk of further progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of liver cancer, and a major cause of cancer-related mortality. Mitochondrial damage and activation of inflammasome complexes have a role in inducing and sustaining liver damage.
  • 307
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Glioblastoma Microenvironment and Invasiveness
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant primary brain cancer in adults. Without treatment the mean patient survival is approximately 6 months, which can be extended to 15 months with the use of multimodal therapies. The low effectiveness of GBM therapies is mainly due to the tumor infiltration into the healthy brain tissue, which depends on GBM cells’ interaction with the tumor microenvironment (TME). The interaction of GBM cells with the TME involves cellular components such as stem-like cells, glia, endothelial cells, and non-cellular components such as the extracellular matrix, enhanced hypoxia, and soluble factors such as adenosine, which promote GBM’s invasiveness.
  • 307
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Redox Network in Mammalian Cells and Selenium Compouds
Redox balance is important for the homeostasis of normal cells, but also for the proliferation, progression, and survival of cancer cells. Both oxidative and reductive stress can be harmful to cells. In contrast to oxidative stress, reductive stress and the therapeutic opportunities underlying the mechanisms of reductive stress in cancer, as well as how cancer cells respond to reductive stress, have received little attention and are not as well characterized. Therefore, there is recent interest in understanding how selective induction of reductive stress may influence therapeutic treatment and disease progression in cancer. There is also the question of how cancer cells respond to reductive stress. Selenium compounds have been shown to have chemotherapeutic effects against cancer and their anticancer mechanism is thought to be related to the formation of their metabolites, including hydrogen selenide (H2Se), which is a highly reactive and reducing molecule and possible can generate the reductive stress in cells. The research report on the molecular mechanism of how cells recognize and respond to oxidative and reductive stress and selenium compounds with well documented hydrogen selenide release, as compounds possibly useful in study of redox homeostasis by the selective induction of reductive stress in cells and in vivo, as well as possibly their utility in anti-cancer therapy.
  • 306
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Hepatocellular Carcinomas
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death, with a high incidence and mortality rate in Asia.
  • 305
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Tachykinin and Calcitonin/Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Families in Cancer
The structure and dynamics of the neurokinin (NK)-2, NK-3, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors are studied together with the intracellular signaling pathways in which they are involved. These peptides play an important role in many cancers, such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer, glioma, lung cancer, neuroblastoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma, phaeochromocytoma, leukemia, bladder cancer, endometrial cancer, Ewing sarcoma, gastric cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal carcinoma, and thyroid cancer. These peptides are involved in tumor cell proliferation, migration, metastasis, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis.
  • 305
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Hypoxia in Cardiovascular Diseases
Heart valve diseases are a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. They affect more than 13% of the population aged over 75 years old and occur when any type of the four heart valves (tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic valves) is damaged. Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is defined as a slowly progressing condition that ranges from mild valve aortic sclerosis to severe calcifying aortic valve stenosis. This progression manifests in approximately 2% of individuals over 65 years old annually.
  • 305
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
mTORC1 Pathway and Autophagy in Platinum-Based Chemotherapeutics Resistance
Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum I) is a platinum-based drug, the mainstay of anticancer treatment for numerous solid tumors. Drug resistance is a serious problem in the treatment with platinum-based drugs. Resistance to cisplatin depends on both the inner adaptive mechanisms of cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment, where hypoxic conditions increase the tolerance of cancer cells to the drug. Among intercellular adaptive factors, the most important are: (1) a reduced drug accumulation due to either a decreased influx or an increased efflux; (2) an increase in DNA repair and changes in DNA damage response (DDR); (3) an alteration of apoptosis; (4) changes in signaling pathways, notably the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway. 
  • 305
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Animal Models of Visceral Sarcomas
Visceral sarcomas are a rare malignant subgroup of soft tissue sarcomas (STSs). STSs, accounting for 1% of all adult tumors, are derived from mesenchymal tissues and exhibit a wide heterogeneity. Their rarity and the high number of histotypes hinder the understanding of tumor development mechanisms and negatively influence clinical outcomes and treatment approaches.
  • 305
  • 24 Nov 2023
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