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Topic Review
Biography
Topic Review
CREB Protein Family Members in Radioresistance Mechanisms
In the framework of space flight, the risk of radiation carcinogenesis is considered a “red” risk due to the high likelihood of occurrence as well as the high potential impact on the quality of life in terms of disease-free survival after space missions. The cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is overexpressed both in haematological malignancies and solid tumours and its expression and function are modulated following irradiation. The CREB protein is a transcription factor and member of the CREB/activating transcription factor (ATF) family. As such, it has an essential role in a wide range of cell processes, including cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Among the CREB-related nuclear transcription factors, NF-κB and p53 have a relevant role in cell response to ionising radiation. Their expression and function can decide the fate of the cell by choosing between death or survival.
542
09 Jan 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19: the Immunological Challenges
Although COVID-19 pneumonia is a novel disease that is different from other types of ARDS, severe COVID-19-associated ARDS shares typical ARDS lung pathology such as diffuse alveolar damage and hyaline membrane formation. As Prasanna et al. summarized, the general rationale for low-dose radiation treatment of COVID-19 is its inhibition of the cytokine storm, which promotes pulmonary dysfunction and ultimately ARDS. Inflammation is a dynamic and progressive process that is tightly associated with redox-modulated reactions. When recruited to sites of inflammation, macrophages and neutrophils generate reactive species, including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). With multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines being secreted, the latter together with elevated levels of ROS and RNS deteriorate redox homeostasis, and further worsen the disease. During the past two decades, research has revealed that low-dose radiation-mediated homeostasis is associated with enhanced cellular detoxification of ROS by a major antioxidant enzyme (manganese superoxide dismutase, MnSOD) within the mitochondria. This adaptive protection of mitochondrial metabolic functions is thought to provide experimental and theoretical support for using low-dose radiation to limit virus replication. Other antioxidants, including glutathione, were also shown to be increased following exposure to low doses of sparsely ionizing radiation such as X and γ rays. Schaue et al. suggested that it might be difficult and challenging for patients with complicated conditions and advanced age to rebalance redox levels, and low-dose radiation treatment might be of clinical value with its broad suppression of various inflammatory, pro-oxidant pathways at multiple levels.
508
29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 effect in Stem cells
The new strain of coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) emerged in 2019 and hence is often referred to as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This disease causes hypoxic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syn-drome (ARDS), and is considered as the cause of a global pandemic. Very limited reports in addi-tion to ex vivo model systems are available to understand the mechanism of action of this virus, which can be used for testing of any drug efficacy against virus infectivity. COVID-19 induces tissue stem cell loss, resulting inhibition of epithelial repair followed by inflammatory fibrotic con-sequences. Development of clinically relevant models is important to examine the impact of the COVID-19 virus in tissue stem cells among different organs.
531
22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Corneal Stromal Stem Cell Biology
Corneal stromal stem cells (CSSCs) are of particular interest in regenerative ophthalmology, offering a new therapeutic target for corneal injuries and diseases. CSSC-derived exosomes exhibit significant potential for modulating inflammation, promoting tissue repair, and addressing corneal transparency. Additionally, the rejuvenation potential of CSSCs through epigenetic reprogramming adds to the evolving regenerative landscape. The imperative for clinical trials and human studies to seamlessly integrate these strategies into practice is emphasized. This points towards a future where CSSC-based therapies, particularly leveraging exosomes, play a central role in diversifying ophthalmic regenerative medicine.
146
25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Corneal Regeneration Using Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Adipose-derived stem cells are a subtype of mesenchymal stem cell that offers the important advantage of being easily obtained (in an autologous manner) from low invasive procedures, rendering a high number of multipotent stem cells with the potential to differentiate into several cellular lineages, to show immunomodulatory properties, and to promote tissue regeneration by a paracrine action through the secretion of extracellular vesicles containing trophic factors. This secretome is being investigated as a potential source for a cell-free based regenerative therapy for human tissues, which would significantly reduce the involved costs, risks and law regulations, allowing for a broader application in real clinical practice.
402
02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Corneal Confocal Microscopy Imaging
In vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCM) is a non-invasive ophthalmic imaging technique that provides images of the cornea at the cellular level. The observation of the corneal cells, both normal and inflammatory, and the possibility of quantification of the corneal nerve density with manual or automated tools, makes IVCM have a significant potential to improve the diagnosis and prognosis in several systemic and corneal conditions.
622
04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Core PCP Proteins in Coordinating Cilia Orientation
As exemplified by the unidirectionally beating cilia of multi-ciliated cells, various epithelial cells polarize not only along the apical-basal axis (inside–outside axis) of epithelial tissues, but also on the plane of epithelial tissues. The latter cell polarity, which is perpendicular to the apical–basal axis, is referred to as planar cell polarity (PCP). Pioneering research using the wings of Drosophila melanogaster identified a group of proteins, core PCP proteins, that orchestrate the establishment of PCP.
573
21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Copy-number Variation
Copy number variation (CNV) is a phenomenon in which sections of the genome are repeated and the number of repeats in the genome varies between individuals. Copy number variation is a type of structural variation: specifically, it is a type of duplication or deletion event that affects a considerable number of base pairs. Approximately two-thirds of the entire human genome may be composed of repeats and 4.8–9.5% of the human genome can be classified as copy number variations. In mammals, copy number variations play an important role in generating necessary variation in the population as well as disease phenotype. Copy number variations can be generally categorized into two main groups: short repeats and long repeats. However, there are no clear boundaries between the two groups and the classification depends on the nature of the loci of interest. Short repeats include mainly bi-nucleotide repeats (two repeating nucleotides e.g. A-C-A-C-A-C...) and tri-nucleotide repeats. Long repeats include repeats of entire genes. This classification based on size of the repeat is the most obvious type of classification as size is an important factor in examining the types of mechanisms that most likely gave rise to the repeats, hence the likely effects of these repeats on phenotype.
855
02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Coordination between Rac1 and Rab Proteins
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) is a member of the family of the typical Rho guanosine triphosphate phosphohydrolases (GTPases), which are known for their role in several cellular processes such as cytoskeleton organization, gene expression regulation, and cell migration. The small GTPases of the Rho family regulate many aspects of actin dynamics, but are functionally connected to many other cellular processes. Rac1, a member of this family, besides its known function in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton, plays a key role in the production of reactive oxygen species, in gene transcription, in DNA repair, and also has been proven to have specific roles in neurons.
346
19 May 2022
Topic Review
Convection Enhanced Delivery
Convection enhanced delivery (CED), first described by Bobo et al. in 1994, remains a promising technique for circumventing the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) and delivering therapy in a non-diffusion dependent manner, thereby facilitating high local concentrations of infusate.
1.1K
12 Jan 2021
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