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Topic Review
Lipid-Based Antioxidant Systems in Photoreceptors and RPE Cells
The retina, a multi-layered nervous structure in the back of the eye, detects light stimuli via specialised primary sensory neurons, named after their morphologies as retinal rods and cones. Rods and cones in vitro may retain their ability to respond to light for several hours by generating an electrical response. However, their viability and long-term operation require the functional interaction with retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and a vascular system with peculiar features, the choroidal capillaries (ChC), whose specific form and shape support its function.
  • 390
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
MiRNAs/lncRNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a heterogeneous malignancy with variable patient outcomes. There is still a lack of understanding about the different players involved in lymphomagenesis, and the identification of new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers is urgent. MicroRNAs and long non-coding RNAs emerged as master regulators of B-cell development, and their deregulation has been associated with the initiation and progression of lymphomagenesis. They can function by acting alone or, as recently proposed, by creating competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks. The study of miRNAs’ and lncRNAs’ deregulation in NHL, either alone or as ceRNAs networks, offers new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying lymphoma pathogenesis and opens a window of opportunity to identify potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
  • 388
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
BCR::ABL1-Negative MPN
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell-derived disorders characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of differentiated myeloid cells. Two main groups of MPN, BCR::ABL1-positive (Chronic Myeloid Leukemia) and BCR::ABL1-negative (Polycythemia Vera, Essential Thrombocytosis, Primary Myelofibrosis) are distinguished. For many years, cytomorphologic and histologic features were the only proof of MPN and attempted to distinguish the different entities of the subgroup BCR::ABL1-negative MPN. World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms evolves over the years and increasingly considers molecular abnormalities to prove the clonal hematopoiesis.
  • 388
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Aberrant Phosphorylation in Cancer
Protein phosphorylation is a vital step for the coordination of cellular and molecular functions, such as the regulation of metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis, subcellular trafficking, inflammation, and other important physiological processes. Thus, altered expression of phosphoprotein will lead to deregulation of different signaling pathways as well as development and progression of cancer. Different expression patterns of various phosphoproteins have been reported in sera of various cancers and are focused.
  • 386
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Inorganic Polyphosphate
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), a simple anionic polymer consisting of even hundreds of orthophosphate units, is a universal molecule present in both simple and complex organisms. PolyP controls homeostatic processes in animals, such as blood coagulation, tissue regeneration, and energy metabolism. Furthermore, this polymer is a potent regulator of inflammation and influences host immune response in bacterial and viral infections. Disturbed polyP systems have been related to several pathological conditions, including neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer, but researchers lack a full understanding of polyP biogenesis and mechanistic insights into the pathways through which polyP may act.
  • 386
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cardiac Reprogramming
Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into CM-like cells has emerged as an attractive strategy to generate induced CMs (iCMs) in heart regeneration. However, low conversion rate, poor purity, and the lack of precise conversion of iCMs are still present as significant challenges. In this review, we summarize the recent development in understanding the molecular mechanisms of cardiac reprogramming with various strategies to achieve more efficient iCMs. reprogramming. Specifically, we focus on the identified critical roles of transcriptional regulation, epigenetic modification, signaling pathways from the cellular microenvironment, and cell cycling regulation in cardiac reprogramming. We also discuss the progress in delivery system optimization and cardiac reprogramming in human cells related to preclinical applications. We anticipate that this will translate cardiac reprogramming-based heart therapy into clinical applications. In addition to optimizing the cardiogenesis related transcriptional regulation and signaling pathways, an important strategy is to modulate the pathological microenvironment associated with heart injury, including inflammation, pro-fibrotic signaling pathways, and the mechanical properties of the damaged myocardium. We are optimistic that cardiac reprogramming will provide a powerful therapy in heart regenerative medicine.
  • 385
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
SLC26A9 in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease
SLC26A9 belongs to the solute carrier family 26 (SLC26), which comprises membrane proteins related to the phylogenetically older SLC26-SulP gene family. On the basis of different preliminary findings, including the phenotype of SlC26A9-deficient mice and its possible role as a gene modifier of the human phenotype and treatment response, SLC26A9 has emerged as one of the most interesting alternative targets for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF).
  • 385
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
STAT Activation and Signaling
There is a significant body of evidence that has demonstrated that Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs) play a critical role in ovarian cancer progression. The STAT family is comprised of seven distinct proteins, STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A and 5B, and STAT6. The structure among STAT proteins remains highly conserved, with all STAT proteins encoding a coiled-coil (CC) domain, a DNA-binding (DB) domain, and a SRC homology 2 (SH2) domain.
  • 386
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Exocytosis Mechanisms/Pathways of Nanoparticles
Both biomedical applications and safety assessments of manufactured nanomaterials require a thorough understanding of the interaction between nanomaterials and cells, including how nanomaterials enter cells, transport within cells, and leave cells. Compared to the extensively studied uptake and trafficking of nanoparticles (NPs) in cells, less attention has been paid to the exocytosis of NPs. Yet exocytosis is an indispensable process of regulating the content of NPs in cells, which in turn influences, even decides, the toxicity of NPs to cells. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and influencing factors of the exocytosis of NPs is not only essential for the safety assessment of NPs but also helpful for guiding the design of safe and highly effective NP-based materials for various purposes.
  • 385
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy in Crizotinib-Treated ALK+ ALCL
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare type of T-cell lymphoma, accounting for 10 to 20% of childhood lymphomas. ALK-positive ALCL (ALK+ ALCL) in children carry a characteristic t(2;5) (p23;q35) chromosomal translocation, leading to the constitutive activation of the oncogenic fusion protein nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK, which drives lymphomagenesis . 
  • 384
  • 10 Dec 2021
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