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Topic Review
Oxidative Stress and Redox-Dependent Pathways in Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a fatal tumor, accounting for 2% of all cancer-related mortalities worldwide yearly due to its high aggressiveness and poor response to current therapies. Furthermore, over the past few decades, CCA mortality has increased globally.
  • 107
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Caenorhabditis elegans Models in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Mechanism
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating neurodegenerative condition characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons. Despite extensive research in various model animals, the cellular signal mechanisms of ALS remain elusive, impeding the development of efficacious treatments. Among these models, a well-characterized and diminutive organism, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), has emerged as a potent tool for investigating the molecular and cellular dimensions of ALS pathogenesis. 
  • 146
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Role of TAM Receptors in Bone Remodeling
The TAM (TYRO3, MERTK, and AXL) family of receptor tyrosine kinases are pleiotropic regulators of adult tissue homeostasis maintaining organ integrity and self-renewal. Disruption of their homeostatic balance fosters pathological conditions like autoinflammatory or degenerative diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematodes, or liver fibrosis. Moreover, TAM receptors exhibit prominent cell-transforming properties, promoting tumor progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance in various cancer entities. Emerging evidence shows that TAM receptors are involved in bone homeostasis by regulating osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption. Therefore, TAM receptors emerge as new key players of the regulatory cytokine network of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and represent accessible targets for pharmacologic therapy for a broad set of different bone diseases, including primary and metastatic bone tumors, rheumatoid arthritis, or osteoporosis.
  • 215
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Human Dickkopf-3 in Development, Immune Modulation and Cancer
The human Dickkopf (DKK) family includes four main secreted proteins, DKK-1, DKK-2, DKK-3, and DKK-4, as well as the DKK-3 related protein soggy (Sgy-1 or DKKL1). These glycoproteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, and especially modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway. DKK-3 is distinct, with its multifaceted roles in development, stem cell differentiation and tissue homeostasis. Intriguingly, DKK-3 appears to have immunomodulatory functions and a complex role in cancer, acting as either a tumor suppressor or an oncogene, depending on the context. DKK-3 is a promising diagnostic and therapeutic target that can be modulated by epigenetic reactivation, gene therapy and DKK-3-blocking agents.
  • 120
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Choroidal Mast Cells and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains a leading cause of vision loss in elderly patients. Its etiology and progression are, however, deeply intertwined with various cellular and molecular interactions within the retina and choroid. Choroidal mast cells are strategically located in close proximity to the choroidal vasculature, enabling their active involvement in modulation of angioinflammatory processes.
  • 177
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Caspase-Dependent Programmed Cell Death
Billions of cells die in us every hour, and our tissues do not shrink because there is a natural regulation where Cell Death (CD) is balanced with cell division. The process in which cells eliminate themselves in a controlled manner is called Programmed Cell Death (PCD). The PCD plays an important role during embryonic development, in maintaining homeostasis of the body’s tissues, and in the elimination of damaged cells, under a wide range of physiological and developmental stimuli. Apoptosis is an RCD pathway that occurs inside eukaryotic cells and whose purpose is the death of the cell itself. Apoptosis is a “cellular suicide” in which a protein program of self-destruction triggered by extracellular or intracellular signals is set in motion. RCD means that the steps for cell degeneration are established, but that does not mean that the cell is predetermined to die; that is, there will be no apoptosis if there is no signal to initiate it. The role of apoptosis is important in many physiological and pathological processes of multicellular organisms, such as the morphogenesis of organs and tissues during embryonic development, in the maintenance and regeneration of tissues in the adult animal, in response to pathogens, or as a response to cellular stress and pathologies such as cancer. The number of cells that die by apoptosis is enormous, both during embryonic development and in the adult state, associated with caspases, that not only control apoptosis, but also proliferation, differentiation, cell form and cell migration.
  • 145
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
β-1,4-GalT-V and Cancer
β-1,4-GalTs are a family of glycosyltransferases, all having similar properties (i.e., they exclusively transfer galactose residues from a donor UDP-galactose via β-1,4 linkage to acceptor sugars, N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc),glucose (Gl)c, and xylose(Xyl), which can be components of protein or lipids that have different functions).
  • 196
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease with a high incidence and mortality rate. The number of new CRC cases worldwide reached 1.93 million in 2020, ranking third after breast cancer and lung cancer. The number of CRC-related deaths reached 940,000, making it the second most deadly tumor globally. In China, according to the 2016 national cancer statistics published by the National Cancer Center, a total of 4.06 million tumor patients were diagnosed in 2016, with approximately 408,000 being CRC patients. Among these cases, approximately 196,000 CRC patients died, accounting for 8.10% of the total.
  • 159
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Age-Related Alternative Splicing
Alternative splicing changes are closely linked to aging, though it remains unclear if they are drivers or effects. As organisms age, splicing patterns change, varying gene isoform levels and functions. These changes may contribute to aging alterations rather than just reflect declining RNA quality control. Three main splicing types—intron retention, cassette exons, and cryptic exons—play key roles in age-related complexity. These events modify protein domains and increase nonsense-mediated decay, shifting protein isoform levels and functions. This may potentially drive aging or serve as a biomarker. Fluctuations in splicing factor expression also occur with aging. Somatic mutations in splicing genes can also promote aging and age-related disease. 
  • 213
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Messenger RNA for Regenerative Medicine
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is produced in living organisms by transcription from genomic DNA, and proteins are produced based on the sequence information from mRNA.  The COVID-19 pandemic generated interest in the medicinal applications of mRNA. It is expected that mRNA will be applied, not only to vaccines, but also to regenerative medicine. The purity of mRNA is important for its medicinal applications. 
  • 285
  • 28 Dec 2023
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