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Topic Review
Testicular Germ-Cell Tumours (TGCT)
Testicular Germ Cell Tumors (TGCTs) are the second most common form of Germ Cell Tumour after benign ovarian teratomas. They are considered a “curable cancer” due to their exceptionally high survival rate of their patients: young caucasian men mostly. A better stratification of those patients would mean an improvement in their quality of life, which is currently diminished by the aggressiveness of prognostic treatments. The knowledge about the relation between TGCTs and the immune system could give keys to improve prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of this cancer.
  • 343
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
STAT3 and STAT5 Activation in Solid Cancers
The Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)3 and 5 proteins are activated by many cytokine receptors to regulate specific gene expression and mitochondrial functions. Their role in cancer is largely context-dependent as they can both act as oncogenes and tumor suppressors.  Activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) proteins has been linked to many human cancers. STATs were initially discovered as latent cytosolic transcription factors that are phosphorylated by the Janus Kinase (JAK) family upon stimulation of membrane-associated cytokine and growth factor receptors. Phosphorylation triggers STAT dimerization and translocation to the nucleus to bind specific promoters and regulate transcription
  • 295
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Genetic and Genomic Alterations in Glioblastoma Multiforme
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a brain tumor characterized by high heterogeneity, diffuse infiltration, aggressiveness, and formation of recurrences. Patients with this kind of tumor suffer from cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems, beyond exhibiting dismal survival rates. Current treatment comprises surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy with the methylating agent, temozolomide (TMZ). GBMs harbor intrinsic mutations involving major pathways that elicit the cells to evade cell death, adapt to the genotoxic stress, and regrow.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
siRNA Structure, Function and Delivery
siRNA is a double-stranded RNA molecule with 21- and 22-nucleotide generated by ribonuclease III cleavage from longer double-stranded RNA (dsRNAs). After binding to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) in the cytoplasm, the sense strand of siRNA undergoes ejection, while the antisense strand of siRNA targets the complementary messenger RNA (mRNA). 
  • 1.9K
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Gene Expression Induced by Radiation
According to the Health Physics Society, radiation is defined as energy that travels from a source through space as waves or particles and it can penetrate different materials. The electromagnetic spectrum consists of different wavelengths and frequencies, in which non-ionizing (low frequency) and ionizing (high frequency) radiation are found. Gene expression will be changed due to radiation.
  • 525
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
TRIM
The tripartite motif (TRIM) gene family is a large group of E3 ubiquitin ligase proteins that can also have proteasome-independent functions. TRIM/RBCC are a large family of proteins that include more than 80 proteins, most of which act as E3 ligases and catalyze the direct transfer of Ubiquitin, SUMO and ISG15 on specific protein substrates. They are involved in oncogenesis processes and in cellular immunity.
  • 593
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Coordination between Rac1 and Rab Proteins
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) is a member of the family of the typical Rho guanosine triphosphate phosphohydrolases (GTPases), which are known for their role in several cellular processes such as cytoskeleton organization, gene expression regulation, and cell migration. The small GTPases of the Rho family regulate many aspects of actin dynamics, but are functionally connected to many other cellular processes. Rac1, a member of this family, besides its known function in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton, plays a key role in the production of reactive oxygen species, in gene transcription, in DNA repair, and also has been proven to have specific roles in neurons. 
  • 329
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
In Vitro Human Cancer Models for Biomedical Applications
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and its incidence is steadily increasing. Although years of research have been conducted on cancer treatment, clinical treatment options for cancers are still limited. Animal cancer models have been widely used for studies of cancer therapeutics, but these models have been associated with many concerns, including inaccuracy in the representation of human cancers, high cost and ethical issues. Therefore, in vitro human cancer models are being developed quickly to fulfill the increasing demand for more relevant models in order to get a better knowledge of human cancers and to find novel treatments.
  • 430
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Obesity-Associated Cancers
Obesity, one of the major problems in modern human society, is correlated with various diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In particular, epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that obesity is closely linked to at least 13 different types of cancer. The mechanisms that potentially explain the link between obesity and cancer include hyperactivation of the IGF pathway, metabolic dysregulation, dysfunctional angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, and interaction between pro-inflammatory cytokines, endocrine hormones, and adipokines. 
  • 480
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Thin Filament Structure and Assembly
The actin containing tropomyosin and troponin decorated thin filaments form one of the crucial components of the contractile apparatus in muscles. The thin filaments are organized into densely packed lattices interdigitated with myosin-based thick filaments. The crossbridge interactions between these myofilaments drive muscle contraction, and the degree of myofilament overlap is a key factor of contractile force determination.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 May 2022
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