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Topic Review
Membrane Remodeling by ESCRTs
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is an evolutionarily conserved membrane remodeling complex that is used by the cell to perform reverse membrane scission in essential processes like protein degradation, cell division, and release of enveloped retroviruses. ESCRT-III, together with the AAA ATPase VPS4, harbors the main remodeling and scission function of the ESCRT machinery, whereas early-acting ESCRTs mainly contribute to protein sorting and ESCRT-III recruitment through association with upstream targeting factors.
  • 425
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Intertumoural and Intratumoural Heterogeneity in Melanoma
Tumour heterogeneity is a phenomenon where the cancer cells evolve diversely over the course of the disease. As a result of the evolution, the cancer cells can be found to be genetically, epigenetically and/or phenotypically different in order to survive in the human body. The tumour microenvironment also plays a crucial role during the evolution.
  • 366
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Targeting Cell Surface GRP78 in Cancer
The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident molecular chaperone that plays a crucial role in protein folding homeostasis by regulating the unfolded protein response (UPR). In tumour cells, GRP78 is present at the cell surface, where it functions as a signalling receptor involved in numerous proapoptotic and apoptotic pathways that contribute to cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. As such, novel therapeutic strategies that target cell surface GRP78 in the treatment of several human cancers is highlighted.
  • 411
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Carbocysteine’s Effects in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients
Carbocysteine (R-2-amino-3[(carboxymethyl)thiol] propionic acid) is a biologically active dibasic amino acid. The carbocysteine molecule is characterized by the presence of a bound sulfhydrilic group. Carbocysteine can increase cilia beating in airway epithelial cells, thus improving the function of the mucociliary escalator and its function of removing harmful particles, viruses, and bacteria from the airway surface.
  • 441
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Relevance of Aquaporins for Gamete Function and Cryopreservation
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of transmembrane channels that allow the transport of water and small solutes across cell membranes. Different members of this family have been identified in gametes. In sperm, they are relevant to osmoadaptation after entering the female reproductive tract, which is crucial for sperm motility activation and capacitation and, thus, for their fertilizing ability. In addition, they are relevant during the cryopreservation process, since some members of this family are also permeable to glycerol, one of the most frequently used cryoprotective agents in livestock. Regarding oocytes, AQPs are very important in their maturation but also during cryopreservation. 
  • 464
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Endogenous Opioids and Stem Cells
Opioids are considered the oldest drugs known by humans and have been used for sedation and pain relief for several centuries. Nowadays, endogenous opioid peptides are divided into four families: enkephalins, dynorphins, endorphins, and nociceptin/orphanin FQ. They exert their action through the opioid receptors (ORs), transmembrane proteins belonging to the su-per-family of G-protein-coupled receptors, and are expressed throughout the body; the receptors are the δ opioid receptor (DOR), μ opioid receptor (MOR), κ opioid receptor (KOR), and nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor (NOP). Endogenous opioids are mainly studied in the central nervous system (CNS), but their role has been investigated in other organs, both in physiological and in pathological conditions. Here, it is presented a revision of their role in stem cell (SC) biology, since these cells are a subject of great scientific interest due to their peculiar features and their involvement in cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine. In particular, it will be focused on the endogenous opioids’ ability to modulate SC proliferation, stress response (to oxidative stress, starvation, or damage following ischemia–reperfusion), and differentiation towards different lineages, such as neuro-genesis, vasculogenesis, and cardiogenesis.
  • 322
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
A Journey to Produce Functional Beta Cells
Due to a pressing worldwide situation with diabetes, ideas to use direct differentiation from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to produce beta cells have surfaced. Stem cells are thought to be an ideal source of all cell types including pancreatic beta cells. 
  • 383
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Single B Cell Co-Expression Networks in Lung Cancer
In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), there is a pressing need for immunotherapy predictive biomarkers. The processes underlying B-cell dysfunction, as well as their prognostic importance in NSCLC, are unknown. This study presents novel insights on a dysregulated B cell network that promotes proliferation in epithelial cells in NSCLC. Within this network, a nine-gene signature demonstrated prognostic and predictive indications in more than 1400 NSCLC patients using their gene and protein expression profiles in bulk tumors. Multiple genes (HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, OAS1, and CD74) differentially expressed in NSCLC B cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes, and tumor T cells had concordant prognostic indications at mRNA and protein expression levels. 
  • 569
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Nucleosome-Omics
Nucleosome-Omics is one of the subdisciplines of Omics, which studies nucleosome-level phenomenon on chromatin and genome 3D landscape, including the interaction and combination among histones, trancriptional factors and DNA, by combining nucleosome resolution omics technologies with high-throughput sequencing techniques.
  • 409
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The Oligodendrocytes in Brain Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Oligodendrocytes are the responsible cells for axon myelination in the central nervous system. Oligodendrocytes are especially sensitive to oxidative stress and excitotoxicity generated during brain ischemia.
  • 471
  • 27 Jun 2022
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