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Topic Review
Lung Cancer Stem Cells
CSCs are small numbers of cells that exist in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Lung cancer TME is composed of a various group of non-cancer cells, such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs stromal cells), regulatory T cells (Tregs), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), along with cancer cells: mature cancer cells and CSCs. As yet, the complexity of the interactions between the cells in the immune TME has not been exhaustively described.
  • 514
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Uncoupling Aging from Chronological Time
Cellular life evolved from simple unicellular organisms that could replicate indefinitely, being essentially ageless. At this point, life split into two fundamentally different cell types: the immortal germline representing an unbroken lineage of cell division with no intrinsic endpoint and the mortal soma, which ages and dies. We consider aging as a process not fixed to the pace of chronological time but one that can speed up or slow down depending on the rate of intrinsic cellular clocks. Moreover germline factor reprogramming might be used to slow the rate of aging and potentially reverse it by causing the clocks to tick backward. Therefore, reprogramming may eventually lead to therapeutic strategies to treat degenerative diseases by altering aging itself, the one condition common to us all.
  • 513
  • 02 May 2021
Topic Review
Exosomes in Bone Sarcomas
Bone sarcomas are rare cancers which often present with metastatic disease and are still associated with poor survival rates. Studies in the last decade have identified that exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle released by cells, play an important role in tumour progression and dissemination. Through the transfer of their cargo (RNAs, proteins, and lipids) across cells, they are involved in cellular cross-talk and can induce changes in cellular behaviour. Exosomes have been shown to be important in metastasis organotropism, induction of angiogenesis and vascular permeability, the education of cells towards a pro-metastatic phenotype or the interaction between stromal and tumour cells. Due to the importance exosomes have in disease progression and the high incidence of metastasis in bone sarcomas, recent studies have evaluated the implications of these extracellular vesicles in bone sarcomas.
  • 512
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Bacteria-Based Cancer Treatment
Cancer refers to a disease involving abnormal cells that proliferate uncontrollably and can invade normal body tissue. It was estimated that at least 9 million patients are killed by cancer annually. Recent studies have demonstrated that bacteria play a significant role in cancer treatment and prevention. Owing to its unique mechanism of abundant pathogen-associated molecular patterns in antitumor immune responses and preferentially accumulating and proliferating within tumors, bacteria-based cancer immunotherapy has recently attracted wide attention.
  • 511
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells and Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and a common cause of cancer-related death in women. It is well recognized that obesity is associated with an enhanced risk of more aggressive breast cancer as well as reduced patient survival. Adipose tissue is the major microenvironment of breast cancer. Obesity changes the composition, structure, and function of adipose tissue, which is associated with inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Interestingly, adipose tissue is rich in ASCs/MSCs, and obesity alters the properties and functions of these cells. As a key component of the mammary stroma, ASCs play essential roles in the breast cancer microenvironment. The crosstalk between ASCs and breast cancer cells is multilateral and can occur both directly through cell–cell contact and indirectly via the secretome released by ASC/MSC, which is considered to be the main effector of their supportive, angiogenic, and immunomodulatory functions. 
  • 510
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Gene Expression Induced by Radiation
According to the Health Physics Society, radiation is defined as energy that travels from a source through space as waves or particles and it can penetrate different materials. The electromagnetic spectrum consists of different wavelengths and frequencies, in which non-ionizing (low frequency) and ionizing (high frequency) radiation are found. Gene expression will be changed due to radiation.
  • 511
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Intercellular Mitochondrial Transfer
Mitochondria are complex intracellular organelles traditionally identified as the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells due to their central role in bioenergetic metabolism. The intercellular transport of mitochondria, defined as horizontal mitochondrial transfer, can occur in mammalian cells both in vitro and in vivo, and in physiological and pathological conditions. Mitochondrial transfer can provide an exogenous mitochondrial source, replenishing dysfunctional mitochondria, thereby improving mitochondrial faults or, as in in the case of tumor cells, changing their functional skills and response to chemotherapy.
  • 511
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Lipid Metabolism Disorders and COPD
Exacerbations largely determine the character of the progression and prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Exacerbations are connected with changes in the microbiological landscape in the bronchi due to a violation of their immune homeostasis. Many metabolic and immune processes involved in COPD progression are associated with bacterial colonization of the bronchi. 
  • 510
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Human In Vitro Stem Cell-Derived Models of Epilepsy
The challenges in making animal models of complex human epilepsy phenotypes with varied aetiology highlights the need to develop alternative disease models that can address the limitations of animal models by effectively recapitulating human pathophysiology. The advances in stem cell technology provide an opportunity to use human iPSCs to make disease-in-a-dish models.
  • 510
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in Cancer Signaling
The process of LLPS(liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is favored by multivalent interactions between specific protein domains, intrinsically disordered regions in proteins (IDR) and nucleic acids.
  • 509
  • 20 Apr 2022
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