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Topic Review
Effects of Berberine against Pancreatic Cancer
The pancreas is a glandular organ with endocrine and exocrine functions necessary for the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis and secretion of digestive enzymes. Pancreatitis is characterized by inflammation of the pancreas leading to temporary or permanent pancreatic dysfunction. Inflammation and fibrosis caused by chronic pancreatitis exacerbate malignant transformation and significantly increase the risk of developing pancreatic cancer, the world’s most aggressive cancer with a 5-year survival rate less than 10%. Berberine (BBR) is a naturally occurring plant-derived polyphenol present in a variety of herbal remedies used in traditional medicine to treat ulcers, infections, jaundice, and inflammation.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Brown Adipose Tissue Architecture and Thermogenic Function
The body of mammals harbors two distinct types of adipose tissue: While cells within the white adipose tissue (WAT) store surplus energy as lipids, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is nowadays recognized as the main tissue for transforming chemical energy into heat. This process, referred to as ‘non-shivering thermogenesis’, is facilitated by the uncoupling of the electron transport across mitochondrial membranes from ATP production. BAT-dependent thermogenesis acts as a safeguarding mechanism under reduced ambient temperature but also plays a critical role in metabolic and energy homeostasis in health and disease. 
  • 512
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
MicroRNAs and Drug Resistance in NSCLC
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. The development of drug resistance represents a major challenge for the clinical management of patients. In the last years, microRNAs have emerged as critical modulators of anticancer therapy response.
  • 238
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Resveratrol against Cervical Cancer
Overall, the scientific data show that resveratrol has the ability to target/inhibit certain signaling molecules (EGFR, VEGFR, PKC, JNK, ERK, NF-kB, and STAT3) involved in cervical cancer cell proliferation and survival. Further in vivo experiments and clinical studies are required to better understand the potential of resveratrol against cervical cancer.
  • 432
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Genes in Carcinogenesis
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first human tumor virus to be discovered and is a causative agent for several cancer types of epithelial and lymphoid origin. EBV has two life cycles comprised of latent and lytic phases. The lytic cycle is when new virions are produced, whereas the latent cycle is a state of persistent infection without productive viral replication. It has been recognized that latent infection is the predominant mode of infection in EBV-associated cancers and the expression of a restricted set of latent genes drives disease development. 
  • 375
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Primary Cilia
Primary cilia are microtube-based organelles that extend from the cell surface and function as biochemical and mechanical extracellular signal sensors. Primary cilia coordinate a series of signaling pathways during development. Cilia dysfunction leads to a pleiotropic group of developmental disorders, termed ciliopathy. Phosphoinositides (PIs), a group of signaling phospholipids, play a crucial role in development and tissue homeostasis by regulating membrane trafficking, cytoskeleton reorganization, and organelle identity. Accumulating evidence implicates the involvement of PI species in ciliary defects and ciliopathies. The abundance and localization of PIs in the cell are tightly regulated by the opposing actions of kinases and phosphatases, some of which are recently discovered in the context of primary cilia. 
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Beneficial Effects of Ursolic Acid against Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Despite current treatment approaches that include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation and immunotherapies, lung cancer accounted for 1.79 million deaths worldwide in 2020, emphasizing the urgent need to find novel agents and approaches for more effective treatment. Traditionally, chemicals derived from plants, such as paclitaxel and docetaxel, have been used in cancer treatment, and in recent years, research has focused on finding other plant-derived chemicals that can be used in the fight against lung cancer. Ursolic acid is a polyphenol found in high concentrations in cranberries and other fruits and has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer properties. Here, researchers summarize studies examining the effects of ursolic acid and its derivatives on lung cancer. Data from in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal studies show potent anticancer effects of ursolic acid and indicate the need for clinical studies.
  • 438
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Functions of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
The pathophysiological process of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is very complex, involving various mechanisms such as apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation. As one of the key factors, the inflammatory response is responsible for the pathological process of acute brain injury and is associated with the prognosis of patients. Abnormal or dysregulated inflammatory responses after ICH can aggravate cell damage in the injured brain tissue. The NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multiprotein complex distributed in the cytosol, which can be triggered by multiple signals. The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated after ICH, thus promoting neuroinflammation and aggravating brain edema.
  • 532
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Membrane Contact Sites in Autophagy
Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are formed by stable association between regions of the limiting membrane of two or more organelles, which are physically tethered together and exert specific functions. MCSs are very dynamic; they can rapidly assemble and disassemble, according to their function, and the gap between the adjacent membranes is highly variable. The term autophagy entails all those transport pathways that deliver intracellular components to vacuoles/lysosomes for turnover. Three main autophagic processes have been described: (1) macroautophagy, which is characterized by the sequestration of the cargoes by double-membrane autophagosomes that fuse with vacuoles or lysosomes; (2) microautophagy, which involves the direct engulfment of the cargo by the endosomes or vacuoles/lysosomes; and (3) chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), in which single polypeptides with a specific recognition sequence are recognized by HSP70 and translocated into the mammalian lysosomes via a channel formed by LAMP2A.
  • 394
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Physiological and Molecular Differences in SMA NSCs
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult nervous tissue were among the last to be identified and isolated in a living organism. While the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Evaluation Agency have recently approved new drugs to treat spinal muscular atrophy 1 (SMA1) in young patients, they are mostly ineffective in older patients since many motor neurons have already been lost. Therefore, understanding nervous system (NS) physiology in SMA patients is essential.
  • 588
  • 12 Dec 2022
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