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Topic Review
Melatonin and Neurogenesis
There are several neurological diseases under which processes related to adult brain neurogenesis, such cell proliferation, neural differentiation and neuronal maturation, are affected. Melatonin can exert a relevant benefit for treating neurological disorders, given its well-known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as its pro-survival effects. In addition, melatonin is able to modulate cell proliferation and neural differentiation processes in neural stem/progenitor cells while improving neuronal maturation of neural precursor cells and newly created postmitotic neurons.
  • 501
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Role of Mitochondria in the Central Nervous System
Disruption of the synapses leads to a deterioration in the communication of nerve cells and decreased plasticity, which is associated with a loss of cognitive functions and neurodegeneration. Maintaining proper synaptic activity depends on the qualitative composition of mitochondria, because synaptic processes require sufficient energy supply and fine calcium regulation.
  • 294
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Nanoparticles in Pediatric Brain Tumors' Cancer Stem Cells
Primary malignant brain tumors are the most common solid neoplasm in childhood. Despite recent advances, many children affected by aggressive or metastatic brain tumors still present poor prognosis, therefore the development of more effective therapies is urgent. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been discovered and isolated in both pediatric and adult patients with brain tumors (e.g., medulloblastoma, gliomas and ependymoma). CSCs are a small clonal population of cancer cells responsible for brain tumor initiation, maintenance and progression, displaying resistance to conventional anticancer therapies. CSCs are characterized by a specific repertoire of surface markers and intracellular specific pathways. These unique features of CSCs biology offer the opportunity to build therapeutic approaches to specifically target these cells in the complex tumor bulk.
  • 381
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrion Structure and Function
Mitochondria are subcellular organelles involved in essential cellular functions, including cytosolic calcium regulation, cell apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species production. They are the site of important biochemical pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, parts of the ureagenesis cycle, or haem synthesis.
  • 463
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
P-21 Activated Kinases in Liver Disorders
The p21 Activated Kinases (PAKs) are serine threonine kinases and play important roles in many biological processes, including cell growth, survival, cytoskeletal organization, migration, and morphology. PAKs have emerged in the process of liver disorders, including liver cancer, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, hepatitis, and liver fibrosis, owing to their effects in multiple signaling pathways in various cell types. Activation of PAKs promotes liver cancer growth and metastasis and contributes to the resistance of liver cancer to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, leading to poor survival of patients. PAKs also play important roles in the development and progression of hepatitis and other pathological processes of the liver such as fibrosis and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
  • 419
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cell Culture
The cultivation of cells in a favorable artificial environment has become a versatile tool in cellular and molecular biology. Cultured primary cells and continuous cell lines are indispensable in investigations of basic, biomedical, and translational research.
  • 591
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Autophagosome Biogenesis
Autophagy–the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasm–plays a central role in cellular homeostasis and protects cells from potentially harmful agents that may accumulate in the cytoplasm, including pathogens, protein aggregates, and dysfunctional organelles. This process is initiated by the formation of a phagophore membrane, which wraps around a portion of cytoplasm or cargo and closes to form a double-membrane autophagosome. Upon the fusion of the autophagosome with a lysosome, the sequestered material is degraded by lysosomal hydrolases in the resulting autolysosome. Several alternative membrane sources of autophagosomes have been proposed, including the plasma membrane, endosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets, hybrid organelles, and de novo synthesis. 
  • 624
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Adipocyte–Macrophage Relationship in Cancer
Obesity is a major public health concern associated with chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. Moreover, obesity is considered one of the major risk factors for the development of several chronic diseases, such as cancer. Researchers describe here, how adipose tissue dysfunction, particularly alterations in adipocytes and macrophages, participate in such processes.
  • 390
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Direct and Indirect Myc Regulation by Mitotic Kinases
c-Myc and the other protein family members (i.e., N-Myc and L-Myc), collectively known as “Myc”, are ubiquitous basic helix–loop–helix–leucine zipper (bHLH-LZ) transcription factors that are critical for several cellular processes during cancer genesis and progression. The importance of kinases in Myc regulation goes beyond their ability to phosphorylate the protein. Some kinases can also indirectly affect Myc protein stability by inducing the degradation of the ubiquitin ligase (PLK1 and PKA). Additionally, some kinases physically interact with Myc, protecting it from proteasomal degradation, such as Aurora-A in neuroblastoma.
  • 253
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Metabolism and Dynamics in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among men in Western countries. Mitochondria, the “powerhouse” of cells, undergo distinctive metabolic and structural dynamics in different types of cancer. PCa cells experience peculiar metabolic changes during their progression from normal epithelial cells to early-stage and, progressively, to late-stage cancer cells.
  • 277
  • 08 Mar 2023
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