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Topic Review
Sec61
The heterotrimeric Sec61 complex of the ER membrane represents the major entry point for precursor polypeptides into the membrane or lumen of the ER. It forms a polypeptide-conducting channel, who's gating (i.e. opening and closing) involves various interactions partners. Mutations in the genes, which are coding for the Sec61 subunits or their interaction partners, can cause diseases (termed Sec61-channelopathies).
  • 740
  • 14 May 2021
Topic Review
Sequences Involved in Glycosyltransferase ER-Golgi Trafficking
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) catalyze the glycosylation reaction between activated sugar and acceptor substrate to synthesize a wide variety of glycans. GTs are involved in metabolic processes, signal pathways, cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis, cell development, and growth. Glycosylation mainly takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi, where GTs and glycosidases involved in this process are distributed to different locations of these compartments and sequentially add or cleave various sugars to synthesize the final products of glycosylation. Therefore, delivery of these enzymes to the proper locations in the cell is essential and involves numerous secretory pathway components.
  • 737
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Osteoporosis Treatments
A healthy and active lifestyle is vital for the proper maintenance of all body tissues, including bone. Several studies have highlighted the importance of physical exercise to improve the quality of life of patients with osteoporosis. Diet also plays a fundamental role in bone health. Calcium supplementation is able to decrease the rate of bone mineral density loss in women, presenting even better results in combination with vitamin D. Lately, isoflavones has gain interest as a treatment in osteoporosis but their effectiveness still remains unclear. Therefore, pharmacological therapies have been developed to counteract bone fragility based on molecular targets. Therapies for osteoporosis are focus on restoring the normal balance between bone resorption and bone formation. Bone anti-resorptive therapies focus on the inhibition or reduction of bone resorption process, these are; estrogens, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), bisphosphonates and monoclonal antibodies. On the other hand, bone formation agents target anabolic pathways to stimulate the osteoblastic activity. This include Teriparatide, a recombinant human parathyroid hormone (PTH), and Romosozumab; an anti-sclerostin monoclonal antibody with dual effect.  It increases bone formation and, to a lesser extent, it reduces bone resorption (or bone loss) which translates into a decrease in the risk of fracture. In summary, currently used osteoporosis therapies are not fully effective in all patients and present considerable side effects that seriously compromise their long-term use. Thus, the development of new therapeutic strategies for osteoporosis is necessary in an increasingly aging world population. In this context, cell-based therapeutic strategies based on mesenchymal stem cells are positioning as encouraging possibilities to address osteoporosis.
  • 737
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Senescence in Physiological Processes and Age-Related Diseases
Cellular senescence is a physiological mechanism that has both beneficial and detrimental consequences. Senescence limits tumorigenesis, lifelong tissue damage, and is involved in different biological processes, such as morphogenesis, regeneration, and wound healing. 
  • 737
  • 28 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are a cluster of heterogeneous cells uniting a T cell and natural killer cell‐like phenotype in their terminally differentiated CD3+CD56+ subset, and exert anti-tumor activity in a non-MHC restricted manner. CIK cells are expanded ex vivo with the sequential addition of multiple cytokines, including interferon‐γ, monoclonal antibodies against CD3 and interleukin‐2.
  • 735
  • 29 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Parthanatos
Differential evolution of apoptosis, programmed necrosis, and autophagy, parthanatos is a form of cell death mediated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), which is caused by DNA damage. PARP1 hyper-activation stimulates apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) nucleus translocation, and accelerates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, leading to DNA fragmentation. The mechanisms of parthanatos mainly include DNA damage, PARP1 hyper-activation, PAR accumulation, NAD+ and ATP depletion, and AIF nucleus translocation. Parthanatos, a kind of new programmed death mode, has been put forward by Professors Ted and Valina Dawson to indicate a caspase-independent cell death subroutine that critically relies on the hyper-activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1).
  • 734
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Microparticles in Vascular Inflammation
Microparticles (MPs) are extracellular vesicles with a size ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 μm. They carry cargo (mRNA, DNA, lipid and specific proteins) from originating cells and transfer to recipient cells, allowing cell-to-cell communication.
  • 735
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
FTO Intronic SNP
Browning of white adipose tissue shifts adipocytes from energy storage white to energy expenditure beige types. The balance between the two adipocyte populations in white adipose tissue is highly determined by noncoding variants of the Fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) locus which has the strongest association with obesity. The rs1421085 FTO risk allele results in a loss of ARID5B repression of IRX3 and IRX5 which promotes excess white adipocyte formation. Recent studies have revealed the presence of brown adipose tissues at several anatomical sites in humans including the deep-neck (DN).  We found that the characteristic gene expression profile and associated pathways of DN brown adipocytes were determined by partially overlapping effects of tissue site specific commitments of the stem cells, PPARγ stimulation and the FTO status of donors. The presence of FTO rs1421085 risk alleles had a strong influence, manifested during differentiation, on browning resulting in compromised expression of metabolic and mitochondrial genes as well as pathways which are decisive in thermogenesis.
  • 734
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Hallmarks of Senescence
Aging is a complex process characterized by an ongoing decline in physiological functions, leading to degenerative diseases and an increased probability of death. Cellular senescence has been typically considered as an anti-proliferative process; the chronic accumulation of senescent cells contributes to tissue dysfunction and aging. Recognizing the hallmarks of senescence is crucial for the research and development of therapies against aging.
  • 734
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Spleen Reparative Regeneration
The spleen is the largest lymphoid unpaired parenchymal organ of the abdominal cavity found in all vertebrates. Spleen is able to regenerate, though not necessarily to the initial volume. The recovery lasts one month and preserves the architecture, albeit with an increase in the relative volume of lymphoid follicles. The renovated tissues, however, exhibit skewed functional profiles; notably, the decreased production of antibodies and the low cytotoxic activity of T cells, consistent with the decline of T-dependent zones and prolonged reduction in T cell numbers. Autotransplantations of splenic material are of particular clinical interest, as the procedure can possibly mitigate the development of post-splenectomy syndrome. Under these conditions, regeneration lasts 1-2 months, depending on the species. The transplants effectively destroy senescent erythrocytes, assist in microbial clearance, and produce antibodies, thus averting sepsis and bacterial pneumonia. Meanwhile, cellular sources of splenic recovery in such models remain obscure, as well as the time required for T and B cell number re-constitution.
  • 733
  • 21 Jun 2022
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