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Topic Review
B-Cell Receptor Signaling Regulation and Aggressive B-Cell Lymphomas
The proliferation and survival signals emanating from the B-cell receptor (BCR) constitute a crucial aspect of mature lymphocyte’s life. Dysregulated BCR signaling is considered a potent contributor to tumor survival in different subtypes of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs). The emergence of BCR-associated kinases as rational therapeutic targets has led to the development and approval of several small molecule inhibitors targeting either Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), or phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), offering alternative treatment options to standard chemoimmunotherapy, and making some of these drugs valuable assets in the anti-lymphoma armamentarium. Despite their initial effectiveness, these precision medicine strategies are limited by primary resistance in aggressive B-cell lymphoma such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), especially in the case of first generation BTK inhibitors. In these patients, BCR-targeting drugs often fail to produce durable responses, and nearly all cases eventually progress with a dismal outcome, due to secondary resistance. 
  • 522
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Bacteria-Based Cancer Treatment
Cancer refers to a disease involving abnormal cells that proliferate uncontrollably and can invade normal body tissue. It was estimated that at least 9 million patients are killed by cancer annually. Recent studies have demonstrated that bacteria play a significant role in cancer treatment and prevention. Owing to its unique mechanism of abundant pathogen-associated molecular patterns in antitumor immune responses and preferentially accumulating and proliferating within tumors, bacteria-based cancer immunotherapy has recently attracted wide attention.
  • 506
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bacterial Signal Transduction Systems
Bacteria possess a large number of signal transduction systems that sense and respond to different environmental cues. Most frequently these are transcriptional regulators, two-component systems and chemosensory pathways. A major bottleneck in the field of signal transduction is the lack of information on signal molecules that modulate the activity of the large majority of these systems. 
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Bacterial Virulence Factors
There are several levels to influence the expression of eukaryotic genes. A first level of interference is changing of the DNA’s structure on the chromatin level. Epigenetic modulation enables remodelling of the chromatin to transfer heterochromatin into euchromatin allowing transcription or vice versa. In addition, the affinity of promotors and other regulatory DNA sequences for RNA polymerases and transcription factors (TFs) can be influenced by cytosine or adenine methylation. Only a minor portion (fewer than 2%) of genes is transcribed into mRNAs, instead the majority is transferred into so called non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Certain long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) are also involved in epigenetic regulations. Epigenetic mechanisms are used for manipulation of gene expression in the course of several cellular processes. Here, we give an overview on the epigenetic control of gene expression by bacterial virulence factors during host cell infection.
  • 925
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Basic Biology of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive as well as the most dangerous form of breast cancer. Due to the lack of biomarkers that can be targeted by specific molecular therapeutics, treatment is usually limited to chemotherapy and surgery where applicable. 
  • 304
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Basic Differences between Cell Cycle and Endocycle
The standard cell cycle is divided into two periods: (1) the interphase, with the phases G1, S, and G2 and (2) cell division, either mitosis or meiosis. Initially, each new cell is in the G1 (Gap 1) phase. Then, the content of genetic material in the cell nucleus amounts to 2C, i.e., it reaches the basic value in vegetative cells.
  • 577
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Basic Principles and Mechanisms of Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality which uses visible light wavelengths, mainly in the red and near-infrared (NIR) regions, for the activation of photosensitizing molecules (PSs). The widespread diffusion of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a clinical treatment for solid tumors is mainly limited by the patient’s adverse reaction (skin photosensitivity), insufficient light penetration in deeply seated neoplastic lesions, unfavorable photosensitizers (PSs) biodistribution, and photokilling efficiency due to PS aggregation in biological environments.
  • 445
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Basic Principles of Cryopreservation of Cells and Tissues
Cryopreservation refers to the technique of storing biological materials at below-zero temperatures, slowing the rate of degradation to ensure minimal loss in function; this practice has wide-reaching applications, including basic biological research, agriculture and food industry, and medicine.
  • 317
  • 01 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Basophils in Brief
Basophils are a type of white blood cell that play a multifaceted role in the immune system. These enigmatic cells, constituting a mere 0.5% or less of the total white blood cell population, originate in the bone marrow and mature under the influence of various growth factors and cytokines. Traditionally known for their involvement in allergic reactions, basophils are equipped with high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI) that bind to allergens. Upon allergen exposure, basophils release histamine and other inflammatory mediators, triggering the hallmark symptoms of allergies. Beyond allergies, basophils are integral in the body's defense against parasitic infections. When they encounter parasitic antigens, they release cytokines like IL-4 and IL-13, promoting a Th2 immune response that helps eliminate parasites. Basophils also have a less explored role as regulators of the immune system, potentially influencing T cell differentiation and acting as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Additionally, they contribute to tissue repair and wound healing by releasing factors that stimulate angiogenesis and tissue regeneration. In clinical settings, basophils serve as valuable biomarkers for allergic diseases, parasitic infections, and certain hematological disorders. Ongoing research continues to unveil the diverse functions of basophils, highlighting their importance in immunology and beyond.
  • 275
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Beehive Products for Wound Repair and Skin Care
There is a long and interesting history between honeybees and humans. From the beginning, honey has been utilized not only as a sweetener, but also as an ointment and a drug to treat several diseases. Until the discovery of antibiotics, honey was a very popular product used to protect and preserve skin and promote wound healing, to counteract gastrointestinal pains and disorders of the oral cavity, and for other diseases. After the development of antibiotic resistance, honey again gained interest for its use in wound management. Subsequently, more recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have displayed antimicrobial, antioxidant, and other effects of honey and honeybee products, as well as protection of cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems. 
  • 255
  • 06 Oct 2023
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